18. Derivatives

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derivatives
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are financial instruments whose prices are dependent upon underlying assets such as stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, interest rates and market indices.
future
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is a contract agreement to buy or sell a security, commodity or financial instrument at a predetermined price, at a predetermined point in the future
option
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offers the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy (call option) or sell (put option) an asset at an agreed-upon price (the strike price), either during a certain period of time, or no a specific date.
commodities
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are raw materials or primary products such as metals, cereals, coffee etc. that are traded on special market.
hedging
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means making contracts to buy or sell commodities or financial assets in the future at a pre-arranged price, as a protection against price changes.
speculation
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the act of buying something hoping that its value will increase and then selling at this higher price in order to make a profit
currency swap
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an agreement between two organizations to change the amount of money lent or the interest payments of a loan made in one currency for the same part of a loan in another currency
an interest rate swap
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an agreement between two companies to exchange interest payments on a particular amount, often in order to protect against future changes in interest rates. For example floating rate loan for a fixed interest rate loan.
invest(investment)
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to put money, effort, time, etc. into something to make a profit or get an advantage
speculate
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to buy and sell in the hope that the value of what you buy will increase and that it can then be sold at a higher price in order to make a profit
gamble(gambling)
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a risk that might result in loss of money or failure. For example in a game or on a horse race

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