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otázka		odpověď
Biodiversity začněte se učit		Diversity of life; the number, variety, and variation of genes, species and ecosystems on Earth.
Organism začněte se učit		An individual life form
Species začněte se učit		A group of individuals belonging to the same lowest taxonomic unit, capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring
Ecosystem začněte se učit		Communities of organisms interacting with their physical and biological environment
Habitat začněte se učit		A specific location with a particular set of biotic and abiotic conditions; where an organism generally lives
Species diversity začněte se učit		A measure of the number and abundance of species in a community
Adaptation začněte se učit		A feature of an organism that enhances its ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
Abiotic factors začněte se učit		Non-living physical factors that influence organisms and ecosystems
Biotic factors začněte se učit		The living components in the environment that influence organisms and ecosystems
Ecosystem Diversity začněte se učit		A measure of the variety of different habitats, communities and ecological processes within a geographical location
Species richness začněte se učit		A measure of the numbers of species present and the evenness of species in relation to one another
Species evenness začněte se učit		The difference in the distribution of the total abundance between the species in a community
Community začněte se učit		All the species that occupy a particular place at a given time
Percentage cover začněte se učit		The percentage of a sample area covered by a target species
Percentage frequency začněte se učit		A measure of how often a species occurs in samples
Quadrat začněte se učit		A square frame used to isolate a standard unit of area so the distribution of a plant or animal can be studied
Population začněte se učit		The number of individuals of a species living in a particular place at a particular time
Relative Abundance začněte se učit		A measure of how common or rare a species is in relation to other species within a community
Simpson's Diversity Index (SDI) začněte se učit		A measure of diversity that takes into account both species richness and evenness (0 to 1 - closer to 1 means more diverse)
Predator začněte se učit		An organism that hunts, kills and eats another organism
Prey začněte se učit		An organism hunted and killed by a predator
Intraspecific competition začněte se učit		Competition between two or more individuals of the same species for resources
Interspecific competition začněte se učit		Competition between two or more individuals of different species for resources
Competition začněte se učit		Rivalry between individuals, of the same or different species, for a limited resource
Symbiosis začněte se učit		A relationship in which two organisms live in close association over a long period of time
Symbiont začněte se učit		An organism living in a symbiotic relationship with another organism
Disease začněte se učit		A condition that negatively affects the function of an individual that isn't caused directly by injury
Population density začněte se učit		A measure of the number of individuals living in a determined unit of area
Mortality začněte se učit		The ratio of total deaths to the total population of a species
Tolerance range začněte se učit		The range of a particular abiotic factor within which an organism can survive
Substrate začněte se učit		A surface on which an organism can grow
Distribution začněte se učit		Regions in which a species is found
Abundance začněte se učit		The number of individuals of a particular species in a specific area at a given time
Evenly spaced distribution začněte se učit		A type of distribution where individuals are more or less equally spaced throughout an area
Random distribution začněte se učit		A type of distribution where individuals are spaced randomly in no distinguishable pattern throughout an area
Clumped distribution začněte se učit		A type of distribution where individuals are found clustered in groups in particular parts of an area
Salinity začněte se učit		The dissolved salt content of water
Brackish začněte se učit		Slightly salty water; often found where seawater and freshwater mix
Osmosis začněte se učit		The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semipermeable membrane
Asexual reproduction začněte se učit		The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent
Sexual reproduction začněte se učit		The production of offspring that has genetic material from two parents
Cladistics začněte se učit		A method of grouping organisms that uses evolutionary lines of descent rather than structural similarities
Clade začněte se učit		A group of organisms that are believed to comprise a common ancestor and all of its evolutionary descendants
Linnaean classification začněte se učit		A hierarchical classification system based on physical characteristics
Hierarchical taxa začněte se učit		Groups of organisms classified into a taxon and arranged in order of rank
Clones začněte se učit		Offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
r - strategists začněte se učit		A species that occupy unstable environments and uses the evolutionary strategy of maintaining high growth rates, occupying less-crowded ecological niches and producing many offspring
K - strategists začněte se učit		A species whose population fluctuates at or near the carrying capacity (K) or the environment in which it resides
Bioinformatics začněte se učit		Collection and analysis of DNA using computers
Molecular sequencing začněte se učit		The comparison of genetic information between organisms to determine evolutionary relatedness
Phylogenetic tree začněte se učit		A diagram that represents evolutionary relatedness between organisms
DNA sequencing začněte se učit		The process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule
Evolutionary Relatedness začněte se učit		How closely two species are related by a common ancestor; species sharing more recent common ancestors are more closely related than those with less recent common ancestors
Common ancestor začněte se učit		The most recent species from which two or more organisms are descended; an ancestor that two species have in common
Cladogram začněte se učit		A branching diagram showing the evolutionary relatedness of a number of species
DNA sequence začněte se učit		The order of nucleotide bases that make up a section of DNA
Mutation začněte se učit		A small permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism
Genome začněte se učit		The complete set of genetic information of an organism
Bifurcation začněte se učit		The division of a species into two species through divergent evolution
Hybrid začněte se učit		The offspring of parents of different species
Classification začněte se učit		The arrangement of living organisms or ecosystems into groups sharing similar characteristics
Climate začněte se učit		Long-term average weather patterns specific to a geographical area
Terrestrial začněte se učit		Relating to land, as opposed to aquatic (refers to water)
Stratified sampling začněte se učit		The division of the physical environment into smaller components for sampling
Zonation začněte se učit		The breaking of the biome into habitat zones
Transect začněte se učit		A measured length or strip of terrain in an environment along which individual organisms or environmental parameters are measured and recorded
Unbiased data začněte se učit		Data collected without influence or preference or prejudice of an external source
Error začněte se učit		The difference between an observed value and a true value results in the inaccuracy of results
Line intercept začněte se učit		A sampling technique used to estimate relative densities of a species by counting the number of individuals that lie on a straight line cutting through the community
Belt transect začněte se učit		An elongated area of known length and width through a particular environment in which specific community parameters are measured and recorded
Succession začněte se učit		The process of the diversity and populations of a community changing over time
Randomised Sampling začněte se učit		A method of selecting a sample from a total array in such a way that every possible sample that could be selected has an equal chance of being selected
Mitochondria začněte se učit		An organelle found in most living cells that facilitates energy production known as cellular respiration
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) začněte se učit		A biological molecule used by living cells for energy
Cellular respiration začněte se učit		A metabolic reaction occurring in most living cells that release energy for movement, growth and other biological functions
Energy transfer začněte se učit		The movement of energy from one object or system to another (a chimp pushes another chimp)
Energy transformation začněte se učit		The change from one form of energy into another (light into chemical energy)
Trophic level začněte se učit		A hierarchical level in an ecosystem containing organisms that have the same feeding function in the food chain
Autotroph začněte se učit		Also called a producer; an organism that can produce its own food from inorganic molecules using chemical energy or light energy from the sun
Photosynthesis začněte se učit		Conversion of light energy into chemical energy by photosynthetic organisms such as phytoplankton or plants
Food chain začněte se učit		A flowchart showing feeding relationships between organisms
Trophic začněte se učit		Relating to the consumption of food and nutrients
Consumer začněte se učit		An organism that cannot produce its own food so needs to eat other organisms to obtain energy
Food web začněte se učit		A flowchart showing complex feeding relationships between several interlinking food chains
Organic začněte se učit		Relating to living matter
Inorganic začněte se učit		Relating to molecules or structures that aren't part of a living organism
Carbon začněte se učit		An element essential for many structures and processes in living organisms
Nitrogen začněte se učit		An element required to produce many biological molecules, particularly in plants
Water začněte se učit		A molecule essential for numerous biological processes in living organisms
Metabolic reaction začněte se učit		A chemical reaction that helps to maintain the biological function of an organism
Carbon Sink začněte se učit		A large area of vegetation, water or another naturally forming environment able to absorb and store atmospheric carbon dioxide
Nitrogen Fixation začněte se učit		Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to nitrate by bacteria and cyanobacteria
Ecological niche začněte se učit		The role and position of a species in its environment; interactions of a species with the biotic and abiotic factors of its environment
Fundamental niche začněte se učit		The range of environmental factors a species can occupy without consideration for population limiting factors
Realised niche začněte se učit		The part of a fundamental niche a species occupies due to population limiting factors
Competitive exclusion začněte se učit		The exclusion of a species from a community by another organism better adapted to that particular ecological niche
Keystone species začněte se učit		A species that has a disproportionately large effect on the community in which it lives
Interspecific relationship začněte se učit		A relationship or interaction between different species within a community
Carrying capacity začněte se učit		The number of individuals of a species able to be supported by its habitat
Population limiting factor začněte se učit		Any biotic/abiotic factor that limits the continued growth of a population of a species
Exponential growth začněte se učit		Reproductive rate is maintained and the population continues to grow limited by resources
Immigration začněte se učit		The permanent movement of an individual or population of a species into a community
Emigration začněte se učit		The permanent movement of an individual or population of a species out of a community
Population change formula začněte se učit		(Births (B) - deaths (D))+ (Immigration (I) - Emigration (E))
Lincoln Index začněte se učit		The Lincoln Index allows conservationists to estimate population sizes of individual animal species. Individuals are captured, marked, released back into the population and recaptured.
Primary succession začněte se učit		Development and change in plant communities over time, eventually leading from bare ground to a climax community
Secondary succession začněte se učit		Successive, natural changes in plant communities in an area where a previous community has been removed
Pioneer species začněte se učit		The first species to colonise an area during primary succession
Climax community začněte se učit		A more or less stable plant community
Pioneer community začněte se učit		A new community forming on a previously barren landscape, composed of pioneer species
Sere začněte se učit		An intermediate community observed during ecological succession in an ecosystem advancing towards climax community
Ecological disturbance začněte se učit		A temporary change in an ecosystem that causes a significant change in the behaviour, growth and survival of organisms
Symbiotic relationship začněte se učit		An evolved interaction or close living relationship between organisms from different species, usually with benefits to one or both of the individuals involved

Bio unit 3

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