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odpověď |
Culture as "the cultivation of plants" začněte se učit
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was transferred to fish or oysters in 17th century
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Culture as "production of bacteria" začněte se učit
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evolved in late 19th century
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Culture as the figurative sense of "cultivation through education and systematic improvement of the mind" začněte se učit
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was popular in 19th century
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Culture in learning and taste začněte se učit
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makes the intellectual side of civilization
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Culture is closely connected to... začněte se učit
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"collective customs and achievements of people and intellectual development."
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How many definitions of culture are there in general? začněte se učit
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How many distinct themes are there in culture? začněte se učit
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First distinct in culture: začněte se učit
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Second distinct in culture: začněte se učit
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Third distinct in culture: začněte se učit
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Fourth distinct in culture: začněte se učit
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Fifth distinct in culture: začněte se učit
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Sixth distinct in culture: začněte se učit
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Seventh distinct in culture: začněte se učit
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What is connected to structure as a system of elements? začněte se učit
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way of life, ideas, behaviour, symbol, language, social institutions, relationships etc.
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What is the function of culture? začněte se učit
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It provides guide to the process of learning, adaptation to the world, survical, success in life and control over the individual groups.
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Continuous social construction of culture involves: začněte se učit
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- differentiating one group from another; - relating to others; - giving life meaning and form; - dealing with social world
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anything created by humans that provides information about the culture of its creator and users.
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What is defining culture in terms of improving intellect or morality? začněte se učit
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instruction and moral progress
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začněte se učit
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care given to development of the mind
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stage of development that divides civilized from savage; study of perfection, civilization.
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What is group-membership? začněte se učit
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definitions that speak of culture as a place or group of people, or that focus on belonging to such a place or group.
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How does power show in culture? začněte se učit
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Power is group based and can be political/economic. Usually it refers to countries dominating over other countries or social groups dominating over other social groups.
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How does power manifest in culture? začněte se učit
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Power complements culture in the sense that it enforces cultural values and norms.
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Socio-cultural patterns... začněte se učit
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are not inherited, in opposite to genetic qualities.
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Socio-cultural patterns are learned... začněte se učit
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from family member, groups and societies people live in.
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Cultures of human beings are influenced by... začněte se učit
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the physical and social environment through which they operate.
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začněte se učit
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začněte se učit
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may be called culture if it is shared and believed or practised by a group of people.
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Why is culture cumulative? začněte se učit
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Knowledge embodied in culture moves through generations and cummulates knowledge over time.
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Because no culture remains in some permanent state forever.
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Culture is diversified but... začněte se učit
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Culture is a system that has... začněte se učit
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many mutually interdependent parts.
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Parts of culture are seperate but... začněte se učit
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they form a unified whole.
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Two stages of socialisation: začněte se učit
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primary socialisation and secondary socialisation.
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Define primary socialisation. začněte se učit
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It's taking place within a family and lasts from birth until the child's participation in larger and more diverse groupings beyond the family.
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What does primary socialisation involve? začněte se učit
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Elements as the acquisition of language and gendered identity.
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Define secondary socialisation. začněte se učit
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It refers to all the subsequent influences that an individual experiences in a lifetime.
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Components of critical cultural studies are: začněte se učit
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Production and political economy, cultural text analysis, audience reception and use of media culture
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What is production and political economy doing? začněte se učit
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Analysing cultural texts within their system of production and distribution in society.
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What are culture studies? začněte se učit
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Cultural studies is a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of all dimensions of culture, from traditional notions to popular culture.
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What do cultural studies combine? začněte se učit
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It combines elements of the social sciences and the humanities.
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What do cultural studies use? začněte se učit
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It uses methods and theories from literary studies, film studies, game studies, art theory, philosophy, etc.
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What do cultural studies aim to? začněte se učit
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It aims to look into how the issues of gender, race, sexuality, class, etc. shape the production-consumption and dissemination of culture and media.
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What are the significant issues of cultural studies? začněte se učit
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an equal treatment of high and low culture
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A geographical dimension to defining cultural studies: začněte se učit
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The expansion of some cultures from local/national to global and a national dimension to defining of cultural studies projects.
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Why is culture multi-discursive? začněte se učit
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It includes numerous "languages".
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začněte se učit
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It's regulated ways of speaking about the subject through which objects and practices aquire meaning.
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What are the examples of discourses? začněte se učit
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A language of fashion, cinema, nationalism, literary criticism, video games, cultural studies etc.
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What is the key to analyse culture? začněte se učit
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The key is to identify the discursive context itself and use its professional language.
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What is the cultural development of Western Europe based on? začněte se učit
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Intellectual, spirtual and aesthetic factors - great religious thinkers, philosophers, etc.
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What does culture include? začněte se učit
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Aesthetic factors but especially the development customs like holidays, sports, religious festivals etc.
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Christmas or youth subcultures are referred to as... začněte se učit
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lived cultures or practices.
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Why is culture a social phenomenon? začněte se učit
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It expresses certain meanings and values in art and learning, institutions and people's oridinary behaviour.
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začněte se učit
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are not only actual texts but also practices, paintings, sculptures, soap operas, music, dances or comics.
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začněte se učit
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anything that produces meaning.
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To contain the possibility of a number of different meanings.
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What is Industrialisation? začněte se učit
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The process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant.
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How many stages did Industrial Revolution have? začněte se učit
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The dates of the first Industrial Revolution začněte se učit
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The second Industrial Revolution took place in: začněte se učit
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The late 19th and 20th centuries.
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začněte se učit
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the method of producing goods in large quantities at relatively low cost per unit.
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Mass production can't exist without... začněte se učit
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Mass production process... začněte se učit
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is characterized by high volume, a highly organized flow of materials through various stages of production, careful supervision of quality standards and precise division of labour.
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začněte se učit
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the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.
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the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
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How did popular culture evolve chronicigally? začněte se učit
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1. books 2. newspapers and magazines 3. photography 4. the cinema 5. the radio 6. recorded music 7. TV 8. the Web
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What was the first book written and when? začněte se učit
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What was the first newspaper and when was it published? začněte se učit
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The first magazine published and when? začněte se učit
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When was telegraph invented? začněte se učit
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What was the first movie and when was it published? začněte se učit
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"Lumiere" in 1896 (in Bros. Cinema)
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When was the first station on air and how was it called? začněte se učit
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When was the first TV Station on air and what was it? začněte se učit
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When did the internet start working around? začněte se učit
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začněte se učit
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from Latin popularis: "belonging to the people, general, common; devoted to or accepted by the people."
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1540's definition of popularity: začněte se učit
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"of or pertaining to the people; depending on the people"
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1570's definition of popularity: začněte se učit
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"suited to oridinary people, easily comprehended"
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1859's definition of popularity: začněte se učit
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"low, affordable to average persons"
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1600's definition of popularity: začněte se učit
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"well-liked, admired by or enjoying the favour of the people"
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The definition of popularity from 1819: začněte se učit
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"favoured by people generally"
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začněte se učit
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culture that is widely favoured or well liked by many people.
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Examples of high culture: začněte se učit
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classical music, opera and ballet, classical literature and historical works of art and sculptures
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začněte se učit
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food, entertainment, sports and shopping
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Culture is diverse and... začněte se učit
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začněte se učit
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involves a set of products sorted into high, low or middle positions.
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was established as a widely available form of popular entertainment consumed by people of all social classes from 18th to later 19th.
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became the meeting place of different social classes in society.
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Opera was transformed from... začněte se učit
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popular entertainment into high culture.
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mass-produced for mass consumption.
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Who is the audience of commercial culture? začněte se učit
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What are the main characteristics of commerical culture? začněte se učit
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It's imitative and manipulative.
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Commercial culture is connected to... začněte se učit
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Americanization of global culture.
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Examples of cultural imperialism: začněte se učit
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The Disney entertainment outside the US, the spread of American-English, the globalization of US mass production models and systems.
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Popular culture originates from... začněte se učit
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a culture of the people for the people.
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Examples of folk culture in Poland: začněte se učit
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Folk culture is not always authentic because... začněte se učit
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oscypek is produced from cow's milk when it should be from sheep's milk and ciupaga's are mostly made in China.
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Popular culture is a struggle between... začněte se učit
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originality/opposition and commercialism/conformity
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Reggae originally comes from... začněte se učit
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poor black or Jamaican people.
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spiritual, talks about serious problems, is revolutionary and original.
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Reagge mixed into white people's culture is... začněte se učit
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materialistic, conformist, capitalist and mainstream.
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začněte se učit
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a culture in which the distinction between "high" and "low" culture seems less and less important.
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Postmodern popular culture blends... začněte se učit
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the authentic with commercial.
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creates parody of reality, is full of comic book style violence, involves drugs, racism and references to the past.
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Tarantino's films split into... začněte se učit
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non-chronological sections with discontinuity.
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Deconstruction of most popular film genres are... začněte se učit
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western, kung-fu, gangster, pulp ficition, etc.
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quotations from and references to various cultural texts from the history of the cinema, literature, pop music, etc.
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In 1948 there was a vinyl record introduced... začněte se učit
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by CBS, 33 1/3-rpm, 23 minutes on each side.
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In 1950 there was a vinyl developed... začněte se učit
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by RCA, 45-rpm, 5 minutes per side (best for jukeboxes).
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začněte se učit
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reached an agreement and the 45 became the standard for singles.
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Reel-to-reel systems were developed in... začněte se učit
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Reel-to-reel tape recorders became... začněte se učit
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the main recording format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s.
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A recorded perfomance can be... začněte se učit
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edited or erased and re-recorded again on the same piece of media.
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The first compact cassette was made in... začněte se učit
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začněte se učit
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gave an ability to carry music everywhere, created a market for prerecorded cassettes and gave ability to record songs from the radio.
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The compact disc was co-developed by... začněte se učit
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Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.
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The first CD was commercially released... začněte se učit
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The MP3 file format was developed in... začněte se učit
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Napster's free file-sharing service became available on the internet in... začněte se učit
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The Napster shut down in... začněte se učit
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P2P systems such as Grokster, LimeWire, Kazaa, eDonkey were enabled... začněte se učit
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shifting from ownership of music to access to music.
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gives instant access to millions of songs on demand via Internet.
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Popular music streaming platforms are: začněte se učit
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Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Deezer, SoundCloud, YT Music etc.
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začněte se učit
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a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.
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3 major global companies of music industry are... začněte se učit
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Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.
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Music companies control about... začněte se učit
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65% of the recording industry market in the US.
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Independent record labels are... začněte se učit
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companies that work outside olgiopolies: they produce less mainstream music and film.
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začněte se učit
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is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world.
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The Frankfurt School was founded... začněte se učit
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The Frankfurt School moved to... začněte se učit
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United States to NYC after 1933.
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Most prominent figures of Critical Theorists were: začněte se učit
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Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.
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"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is... začněte se učit
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a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment".
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Products of the culture economy are dependent on industry and economy... začněte se učit
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which means they are related to the interests of money and power.
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Basic focus of culture industry was... začněte se učit
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being idustrialised and commercialised under a capitalist system.
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The Frankfurt School attempted to show... začněte se učit
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a parallel between cultural texts and other products that were mass produced.
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All products of the culture industry are designed for... začněte se učit
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an item whose prime purpose is sale in the market place.
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Every work of art is turned into... začněte se učit
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Culture industry uses a... začněte se učit
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production-line mentality in producing cultural products imitating the socioeconomic cycle of capitalist system.
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Films and TV shows we watch follow... začněte se učit
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the same recycled formulas.
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Homogeneity states that... začněte se učit
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all mass culture is identical.
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In consumers goods there are... začněte se učit
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several variations of the same thing.
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All products produced under the same scheme are... začněte se učit
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"readable" and easily consumed.
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začněte se učit
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makes things seem different when they are several variations of the same thing.
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a glaring example of culture industry phenomenon.
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začněte se učit
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endless stream of movies.
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nobody has to use intellect to understand the movie.
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Film companies & streaming services... začněte se učit
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spend enormous money promoting "bigger better" films, new bands, a new star etc.
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Structural uniformity is... začněte se učit
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the "really meaningful content" of the film or series.
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Culture industries provide... začněte se učit
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"a false fulfilment of wish-dreams" like wealth, adventure, passionate love, power and sensationalism in general.
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a product of media industries.
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Culture manufacturing contains of... začněte se učit
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language, religion, fashion, food habits, education, TV shows, etc.
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Expansions in education... začněte se učit
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created greater space between youth and adult responsibilities.
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Juvenile delinquency and generational rebellion... začněte se učit
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became social issues drawing public attention.
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An expanding middle class and more affluent working class... začněte se učit
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led to greater disposable income and leisure time.
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Culture industries came to see "teenagers" as... začněte se učit
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a leisure class and significant consumers.
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The growth of film, television, music, street fashion... začněte se učit
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increased youths exposure to pop culture and alternative ideas.
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Working-class youth form and join subcultures because of... začněte se učit
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their marginalization from and resistance to the class structure.
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primarily working class phenomena, an imitation of the class struggle in society.
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Capitalist society produces... začněte se učit
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economic exploitation, domination and cultural dominantion.
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Young people take and transform cultural texts as... začněte se učit
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Youth subcultures express... začněte se učit
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opposition to the generation gap.
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Resistance is expressed through... začněte se učit
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style/symbolic rituals or violence and protests.
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The main elements of subcultural style are: začněte se učit
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image, visible manifestations or behaviour, argot (slang), particular music, visible signs of subcultural history, use of substances and violence.
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a combination and transformation of various cultural objects.
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the symbolic fit between the values and lifestyles of a group.
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reflects chaos/nonsense of modern world.
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začněte se učit
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are steel-toed boots, shaved heads, masculine posturing.
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Late 1660s and early 1970s subculture was... začněte se učit
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Middle 1970s subculture was... začněte se učit
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Late 1970s and early 1980s subculture was... začněte se učit
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Early 1980s subculture was... začněte se učit
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Another early 1980s subculture was... začněte se učit
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The skinhead value system and style... začněte se učit
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mixed the white Englush working class and culture of black Jamaican imigrants.
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The Rude Boys derived from... začněte se učit
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dissatisfaction, poverty, rising unemployment and overpopulation of Kingston.
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The rude boy style included... začněte se učit
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short cropped hair, a porkpie hat and shiny suits made from the raw materials of the Caribbean.
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začněte se učit
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an exotic dialect known as patois.
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začněte se učit
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a style of Jamaican popular music that surfaced in the early 1960s.
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Skinhead aggro was based on... začněte se učit
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being aggressive and violent towards Asians, homosexuals and Hippies.
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začněte se učit
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Levis/Lee/Wrangler jeans, braces, polo shirts, tattoos, blue-beat hats and Harrington jackets.
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The four main cultural types of skinheads: začněte se učit
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traditional, neo-Nazi, SHARP, gay
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Female skinheads haircuts... začněte se učit
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are known as Chelsea, the fringe or feathercut.
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začněte se učit
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mosty white interpretation of Jamaican ska combined with elements of punk rock and new wave.
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začněte se učit
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began to emerge as skinhead identity marker in England in the late 1970s.
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Subculturists share a degree of... začněte se učit
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Post-subcultural generation... začněte se učit
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blended all sorts of music and fashion.
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EDM and dance cultures appeared in... začněte se učit
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začněte se učit
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all-night electronic dance music parties fuelled by drugs such as ecstasy.
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Subcultural participation is now... začněte se učit
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začněte se učit
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usually followed by a slogan.
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začněte se učit
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are based on visual style.
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začněte se učit
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a particular visual aesthetic.
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začněte se učit
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are shown through the websites. Mostly illegal ones.
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začněte se učit
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the use of social sience techniques to asses the behaviours and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created.
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famous-person testimonial začněte se učit
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an advertising strategy that associates a product with the support of a well-known person.
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začněte se učit
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anadvertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person;
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začněte se učit
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an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social status;
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začněte se učit
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an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind;
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začněte se učit
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anadvertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief/solution;
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začněte se učit
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a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product;
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začněte se učit
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small advertisements on certain websites (usually related to selling and buying sth), e.g. those on the ebay, allegro, etc.
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začněte se učit
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- unwanted commercial e-mail;
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začněte se učit
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the printlike display ads that load across the top or side of a Web page in the 1990s:
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začněte se učit
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enable users to stream live video content over the internet rather than through cable or satellite
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začněte se učit
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employ all platforms (internet, cable, satellite) based on the service provider's preference
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začněte se učit
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streaming popular shows from the past (now often from the 1980s and 1990s - Friends, The Office
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začněte se učit
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acollection of media products in which several derivative works have been developed in response to the popularization of an original creative work and the commercial exploitation of such through licensing agreements.
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začněte se učit
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the merging of different types of mass media such as traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms;
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