english literature

Alliteration definition

repeating the same sound, usually a consonant, at the beginning of words or in accented syllables, gives this story a more poetic sound

kenning

Double metaphor, Picture names that show the subject in a new light

kenning examples

sea - sail road, salt-streams (prąd), swan-road

Exaggeration

device to make a work more interesting, entertaining, and dramatic

allegory

figure of speech in which abstract ideas and principles are described in terms of characters, figures and events

pageant wagon

a movable stage or wagon used to accomodate a mystery or miracle play cycles

petrarchan sonnet

originated in Italy, 14 lines - 4, 4, 3, 3; Petrarcha established a sonnet as one of the major poetic forms: love poems, wrote Canzoniere

shakespearian sonnet

poem consisting of 14 lines divided into 3 quatrains and one heroic couplet, written in iambic pentameter

mansions

also called House, Individual mansions represented different locales in biblical stories and in scenes from the life of Christ as performed in churches

Spenserian stanza

verse form that consists of eight iambic pentameter lines and one heroic couplet

Iambic pentametre

The most common meter in English verse. It consists of a line ten syllables long that is accented on every second beat

Blank verse

verse without rhyme, especially that which uses iambic pentameters. (William Shakespeare)

Malapropism

- the use of a word sounding somewhat like the one intended but ludicrously wrong in the context

Anglo-Saxon period

use of blank verses, caesura, kenning, alliteration

Beowulf

novel describes the historical events based on facts during that time and also various images of the traditions of the Anglo Saxons, existence of the pagan and christian traditions

norman influence on versification

the same length and fixed number of syllables was important rather than stresses in the line, end rhyme started to be used

a brief description of the Old English language

it is West Germanic language and is closely related to Old Frisian and Old Saxon. It also experienced heavy influence from Old Norse

a brief description of the Middle English language

spoken in England from about 1100 to 1500, Five major dialects: Northern, East Midlands, West Midlands, Southern, and Kentish

Characterize meadieval drama

Heaven and hell were shown at opposite ends in a production, - Plays had a basic aim of enforcing the church's beliefs on the people, Mystery, Miracle and Morality plays

Mystery plays

Biblical plays

Miracle plays

saints’ lives

Morality plays

allegories

Liturgical tropes (przenośnia)

gospel dramatizations (adaptacja)

Interludes (interludium, krótki fragment orkiestrowy) and farces (humorystyczne dzieło teatralne)

secular (świeckie) plays

Folk plays:

pagan and folklore element

forms of plays

Performances by itinerant entertainers, Liturgical tropes: gospel dramatizations, Mystery plays: Biblical plays, Miracle plays: saints’ lives, Morality plays: allegories, Interludes and farces: secular plays, Folk plays: pagan and folklore elements

the English Literary Renaissance

4 subsets: the Elizabethan Age, the Jacobean Age, the Caroline Age, the Commonwealth Period

the Elizabethan Age

great flourishing of literature, especially dramat and lyric poetry

lyric poetry

sonnet; popular among the upper classes, often published, dominant form, support poets by aristocracy

Elizabethan Drama

heroic themes (motyw), centering on a great personality who is destroyed by his own passion and ambition, satirized the fops and gallants of society

William Shakespeare life

Shakespeare's life revolved around two locations: Stratford and London. He grew up, had a family, and bought property in Stratford, but he worked in London, the center of English theater.

William Shakespeare comedies

17 comedies: The Merchant of Venice and Much Ado About Nothing.

William Shakespeare influence on the English language

standardization of grammar, spelling, and vocabulary. Shakespeare introduced 1,700 original words into the language, many of which we still use (despite significant changes to the language since Shakespeare's time)

How to translate Shakespearian humour

1. Mistaken Identity (błędna tożsamość) and/or Misconceptions.(nieporozumienie) 2. Reason versus Emotion 3. Fate and the Fantastical (fantastyczność, fatum) 4. Idyllic Settings (sielankowe) 5. Separation and Reconciliation (pogodzenie 6. Happy Endings

the characteristics of the Metaphysical Poetry

-illustrate and develop ideas in a detailed and over-complex way, often with an effect of a shock or surprise -take unusual images from all fields of knowledge: history, geography, astronomy, alchemy, matehematics,

the characteristics of the Metaphysical Poetry

love both as physical and platonic, -show a philosophical relationship among the creator, his creation and its surrounding.

Early and Mature Enlightenment, words of wisdom

"Dare to know! Have courage to use your own reason!" - Immanuel Kant, „a chaos of clear ideas.”

the Enlightenment short summary

European intellectual movement of the 17th–18th century, use and celebration of reason, a worldview that inspired revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics, devalues local 'prejudices' and customs

merchant of venice

kupiec z Wenecji

prejudices

uprzedzenia

subset

podzbiór

in a over complex way

w nadmiernie złożony sposób

fixed

stały

ludicrously

absurdalnie

different locales

różne sceny

accented on every second beat

akcentowane na drugie uderzenie

revolutionary development

rewolucyjny rozwój

devalue

obniżać wartość

Reconciliation

pogodzenie

itinerant entertainers

wędrowny artysta

Mistaken Identity

błędna tożsamość

fops and gallants

eleganciki i panowie

William Shakespeare history plays

10 history plays are Henry V and Richard III

William Shakespeare tragedies

Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth

William Shakespeare poems and sonnets

4 poems, and a famous collection of Sonnets which was first published in 1609

the song of beowulf

Scandinavian hero Beowulf, WHO vanquished the monster Grendel and grendel's mother, after killed a dragon. Belongs to Germanic heroic tradition, a distinct Christian influence

figure of speech

metafora