Gramatyka kontrastywna

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Trzy typy różnic w języku polskim i angielskim
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Three types of differences of Polish and English:
a) Structural differences -One of the languages allows for a syntactic structure to be derived which has no syntactically congruent counterpart in the other language
Czynniki opuszczania
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Pro drop parameter
- the subject noun phrase is regarded as an obligatory constituent in the underlying structure of an English sentence (exception: imperative sentences)
Typy bezrzeczownikowych konstrukcji w języku Polskim
Było ciemno. Mówi się o tym niewiele. Pobito Janka.
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Types of subjectless constructions in Polish
a) A third person singular neuter verb Ex. It was dark b) A third person singular neuter reflexive verb (się – arbitrary subject) Ex. One does not sapek about it much c) Special –no, -to impersonal verb forms Ex. John has been beaten up
Przysłówek w j. polskim - przymiotnik w języku angielskim
Ona śpiewa pięknie. Czuję się zmęczony. Potrzebujemy pomocy pilnie. Nazywają go wielkim.
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Adverb In Polish – Adjective In English (VP to Vb (NP) (Adj)(Adv))
a) Vb + Adv She sings beautifully b) Vb + Adj I feel tired c) Vb + NP + Adv We need help urgently d) Vb + NP + Adj They call him great
Czasowniki modalne
Czasowniki modalne: móc, musieć, (po)winien, ma, trzeba, należy, można, wolno
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modal verbs
a) Polish modal verbs b) Characteristics to distinguish auxiliaries from main verbs In both languages: -The non-occurrence of modals in infinitive and gerundive constructions (canning swim)
polska fraza nominalna kontra angielska fraza przysłówkowa
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NP in Polish vs. PP in English
a) post-nominal modifying ‘of’ prepositional phrases in English are usually rendered as genitive noun phrases in Polish-the top of the mountain
Rdzeń
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Theme - is the part of the sentence which corresponds to the given information
•Direct Object as a theme Context: Who bought that coat? THAT COAT was bought by Mary •Indirect Object as a theme Context: Mary gave a book to Tom. Did she give a book to John too? No, JOHN was given cigarettes
Fokus
a) Tomek urodził sie w Warszawie
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Focus - is the information which is new in a given context of a sentence
a) The focus in the unmarked case is at the end of the clause -Tom was born in Warsaw
podmiot i orzeczenie w zdaniu twierdzącym języka angielskiego
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The subject and verb are inverted In affirmative sentences In English
a) If the sentencje begins with adverbs here, there, now, then, the subject is not a pronoun and the verb is one of the intransitive verbs of movement •There comes Johnny *When the subject is pronominal, there is no inversion•Down came the rain
podmiot i dopełnienie
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Subject and Auxiliary inverted In English - In direct interrogative sentences
Where do you come from? a) In declarative sentences: After certain introductory expressions, mostly negative in meaning: --- On no account may you return after midnight.
Porządek zdania DO i IO w angielskim
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The canonical order of Direct and Indirect Objects in English
• If both objects are full NPs, IO precedes DO: a. He gave Mary a gift. • If both are pronominal, the IO is a PP and follows DO: b. He gave it to me.
porządek DO i IO w jezyku polskim
a. On dał Ani klucz b. On dał klucz Ani. c. on dał jej klucz. d. On dał klucz jej. e. On dał go Ani. f. On dał Ani go. g. On jej to dał h. On to jej dał
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the order of DO and IO in Polish
In Polish they can appear in both order if they are full NPs: a, b If one Object is pronominal it comes as first: c, d, e, f If both objects are pronominal they usually appear before the verb in either order: g,h
Typy przysłówków które stawiamy intuicyjnie w zdaniu
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Which types of adverbs may be placed sentence-initially?
• Adverbs of attitude • Some adverbs of manner • Adverbs of frequency for emphasis
Które przysłówki występują pre-verbally w angielskim
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Which adverbs occur pre-verbally in English?
• Adverbs of frequency and degree • Adverbs of manner if they do not essentially contribute to the interpretation of the verb.
Które przysłówki występują w zdaniu finalnym?
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Which adverbs occur sentence-finally?
• Adverbs of manner, place and time (in a relative order).
Trzy typy różnic w języku polskim i angielskim 3
Brakuje nam pieniędzy We lack money
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Three types of differences of Polish and English - part 3 c) Functional contrast
-The translation of a sentence in one language into another involves a change of a syntactic function of one of its elements.Ex. The subject noun phrase in the Polish sentence becomes a direct object in its English translation equivalent
Czynniki opuszczania 2
a) On wyjechał z Poznania - Wyjechał z Poznania. b) Tomek twierdzi, że on się zgadza. Tomek powiedział, że się zgadza
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Pro drop parameter 2
a) in Polish the main clause need not have a subject on the surface b) This applies also in embedded clauses with clause complementizer że:
Typy bezrzeczownikowych konstrukcji w języku Polskim 2
d) W pile otwarli nową galerię e) Widać stąd miasto
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Types of subjectless constructions in Polish 2
d) A third person plural Ex. A new shopping mall has been opened in Pila e) Special non-inflected form of a verb Ex. the town can be seen from here
polska fraza nominalna kontra angielska fraza przysłówkowa 3
c) poczęstuj go cygarem d) wiosną topnieją sniegi
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NP in Polish vs. PP in English 3
c) instrumental adverbials and some manner adverbials which are instrumental case noun phrases in Polish are rendered in English translation as prepositional phrases- treat him to a cigar
Fokus 3
Context: słyszałem, że malujesz łazienkę na niebiesko Nie, KUCHNIĘ maluję na niebiesko. Indirect Object as focus Context: Czy to prawda, że pokazałeś cały dom Jankowi? Nie, TOMKOWI pokazałem cały dom
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Focus - is the information which is new in a given context of a sentence 3
c) In Polish the focus may be the first noun in the sentence: *In contrastive context, but unlike in English not only the subject can be focus in initial position * in sentences which are stylistically marked. Direct Object as focus
podmiot i orzeczenie w zdaniu twierdzącym języka angielskiego 2
b) przede mną leżała cała dolina
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The subject and verb are inverted In affirmative sentences In English 2
b) After certain adverbial phrases in written, literary language when intransitive verb expresses location, position or movement in space, and it is in a simple form •In front of me lay the whole valley
Trzy typy różnic w języku polskim i angielskim 2
Wyglądasz cudownie (adv)
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Three types of differences of Polish and English - part 2
b) Categorical contrast -Elements in sentences in both language belong to different syntactic categories Ex. You look wonderful (adj.)
podmiot i orzeczenie w zdaniu twierdzącym języka angielskiego 3
c) kocham cię powiedział chłopczyk
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The subject and verb are inverted In affirmative sentences In English 3
c) In reported speech, when the subject is non-pronominal I love you said the little boy
czasowniki modalne 2
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modal verbs 2
b)-The non-existence of constructions in which a modal is preceded immediately by another auxiliary word (he must can swim)
polska fraza nominalna kontra angielska fraza przysłówkowa 2
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NP in Polish vs. PP in English 2
b) genitive and instrumental objects following some reflexive verbs in Polish correspond to prepositional objects in English-he played with the matches
podmiot i dopełnienie 2
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Subject and Auxiliary inverted In English - In direct interrogative sentences
b) In elliptical structures: She does not like jazz, and neither do I.
Typy bezrzeczownikowych konstrukcji w języku Polskim 3
f) Nie ma skrzydlatych koni Ubywało wody. Brakowało sił.
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Types of subjectless constructions in Polish 3
f) Contructions which denote absence or non-existence of something or express the notion of gradual disappearance or increase. All examples are in Genetive form and are negations:–there are no winged Horsens-there was less and less water
Fokus 2
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Focus - is the information which is new in a given context of a sentence 2
b) The focus In English is marked:*In contrastive contexts if the subject is the focus Context: Was John born in Warsaw? No, TOM was born in Warsaw
polska fraza nominalna kontra angielska fraza przysłówkowa 4
Wiosną śniegi topnieją
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NP in Polish vs. PP in English 4
d) time adverbials in Polish -snow melts in spring

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