Grammar

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"Would you like me to help you?"
reported speech (offers)
7
začněte se učit
He offered to help me.
+to infinitive
agree, claim*, demand*, offer, promise*, refuse, threaten*
"Can you hold this to me, please?"
reported speech (ask)
11
začněte se učit
She asked me to hold it.
+sb+to infinitive
advise, allow, ask, beg, command, encourage, forbid, invite, order, remind*, warn*
"Why don't we check with Joel?"
reported speech (suggest)
8
začněte se učit
She suggested checking with Joel.
+ing
accuse sb of, admit (to)*, apologise for, boast of/about*, complain (to sb) of/about*, deny*, insist on*, suggest*
"Your courses begin in two weeks."
reported speech (inform sb)
2
začněte se učit
He informed me that my courses began in two weeks
+that clause
explain, inform sb
Kiedy pada śnieg, jest zimno na dworze.
general truth or scientific fact
Conditional 0
začněte se učit
If/When it snows, it is cold outside.
present simple
if/when+present simple
Jeśli się pospieszę, to będę tam na czas.
real present/future
Conditional 1
začněte se učit
If I hurry, I will get there on the time.
future/imperative, can/may/could/might/should+bare infinitive
if+present simple/continuous, present perfect/continuous
Gdybyśmy mieli większy dom, mielibyśmy pokój gościnny.
unreal present/advice(if I were you)
Conditional 2
začněte se učit
If we had a bigger house, we would have a guest room.
would/could/might+bare infinitive
If+ past Simple or past continuous
Gdybym wiedział o imprezie, przyszedłbym.
unreal past
Conditional 3
začněte se učit
If I had known about the party l, I would have come.
would/could/might+have+past participle
if+past Perfect or past Perfect continuous
Gdybyś mówił dwoma językami dostałbyś (tamtą) pracę.
Mixed Conditionals (2,3)
začněte se učit
If you spoke two foreign languages, you would have got the job.
would/could/might+have+past participle
if+past Simple or past continuous
Gdybyś nie skłamał dla naszego nauczyciela, nie bylibyśmy teraz w tarapatach.
Mixed Conditionals (3,2)
začněte se učit
If you hadn't lied to our teacher, we wouldn't be in trouble now.
would/could/might+bare infinitive
if+past Perfect or past Perfect continuous
Chciałbym być na wakacjach.
wishes
začněte se učit
I wish I was on holiday.
to say that we would like sth to be different in the PRESENT
I wish/if only+past Simple/past continuous
Chciałbym, żeby nie skłamała o wyniku jej testu.
wishes
začněte se učit
If only she hadn't lied about her test result.
to express regret about something which happened in the PAST
I wish/if only+past Perfect
Chciałbym, aby James przestał gadać w klasie.
wishes
začněte se učit
If only James would stop talking in class
a polite imperative/a desire for a situation or person's behaviour to change
I wish/if only+subject+would+bare infinitive
Załóżmy, że twój nauczyciel poprosił, abyś mówił przed całą klasą, co byś zrobił?
suppose/supposing unreal past (about present)
začněte se učit
Suppose your teacher asked you to speak in front of the class, what would you do?
past Simple
Załóżmy, że złapała Cię policja, co byś zrobił?
suppose/supposing unreal past (about past)
začněte se učit
Suppose the police had caught you, what would you have done?
past Perfect
Ona mówi tak, jakby była szefem.
as if/as though unreal past (about present)
začněte se učit
She speaks as if she were the boss.
past Simple
To wygląda, jak gdyby nie miał dobrze przespanych nocy od wielu dni.
as if/as though unreal past (about past)
začněte se učit
It looked as if he hadn't had a good night's sleep for days.
past Perfect
Najwyższy czas, abyś wyłączył swój komputer.
it's (about/high) time... unreal past (about present)
začněte se učit
It's time you turned off your computer.
past Simple
Why don't you invite him to dinner?
suppose jako sugestia
začněte se učit
Suppose you invite him to dinner?
Powinieneś zrecyklingować ten kawałek papieru.
had better=should (about present/future)
začněte se učit
You'd better recycle that scrap paper.
Sb+had better+present bare infinitive
Byłoby lepiej, gdybyś zapytał o profesjonalną poradę.
had better=should (about past)
začněte se učit
It would have been better if you had asked for professional advice.
It would have been better if+past Perfect
=You should have asked for a professional advice.
Wolałbym mieć teraz przerwę
(about present/future; about me)
I would rather=I would prefer
začněte se učit
I would rather have a break now.
I would rather+present bare infinitive
Wolałbym zostać w domu poprzedniej nocy.
(about past; about me)
I would rather=I would prefer
začněte se učit
I'd rather have stayed at home last night.
I would rather+perfect bare infinitive
Wolałbym, żebyś nie jadł słodyczy cały czas.
(about present/future; about sb)
I would rather=I would prefer
začněte se učit
I'd rather you didn't eat sweets all the time.
I'd rather sb+past Simple
Wolałem, abyś zakupił czarną parę jeansów.
(about past; about sb)
I would rather=I would prefer
začněte se učit
I'd rather you had bought the black pair of jeans.
I'd rather sb+past Perfect
Wolę (jeść) jabłka niż grejpfrut.
general preference
začněte se učit
I prefer (eating) apples to (eating) grapefruit.
prefer+gerund/noun+to+gerund/noun
Wolę śpiewać niż tańczyć.
general preference
začněte se učit
I prefer to sing rather than dance.
prefer+full infinitive+rather than+bare infinitive
Wolałbym mieć imprezę w domu niż iść do klubu.
specific preference
začněte se učit
I'd prefer to have a party at home rather than go to a club.
would prefer+full infinitive+rather than+bare infinitive
Wolałbym obejrzeć DVD niż iść do kina.
začněte se učit
I'd rather watch a DVD than go to the cinema.
would rather+bare infinitive+than+bare infinitive

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