Legal English

 0    237 kartičky    Souldier
stáhnout mp3 Vytisknout hrát zkontrolovat se
 
otázka English odpověď English
someone charged with a crime the defendant in a criminal proceeding
začněte se učit
accused
case brought in court, seeking damages for a tort
začněte se učit
action in tort
criminal deed or act - compare to mens rea, which means the criminal intent
začněte se učit
actus reus
to act as a judge in a dispute; to make a formal decision about something
začněte se učit
adjudicate
body of law, such as rules, regulations, orders and decisions, created by and related to administrative agencies
začněte se učit
administrative law
law regarding the relationship where one person /the agent/ acts and is authorised to act for another /the principal/
začněte se učit
agency law
written agreement between states or nations governed by international laws
začněte se učit
agreement /international/
form or method or resolving disputes apart from litigation
začněte se učit
alternative dispute resolution /ADR/
impartial person given power to decide a dispute
začněte se učit
arbiter
collective body of arbitrators or arbiters
začněte se učit
arbitral tribunal
form of dispute resolution /an alternative to litigation through the court system/ in which disputes are heard and decided by an impartial arbitrator or arbitrators, chosen by the parties to the dispute
začněte se učit
arbitration
impartial person having power to decide a dispute
začněte se učit
arbitrator
/UK/ document that defines a company's internal organisation /US - bylaws/
začněte se učit
articles of association
intentional attempt or threat to injure another person that causes them to reasonably expect to be harmed
začněte se učit
assault
person who receives an assignment
začněte se učit
assignee
transfer of one's contractual rights to a third party
začněte se učit
assignment
person who transfers his/her rights or duties to another
začněte se učit
assignor
lawyer
začněte se učit
attorney
where proof of liability must be shown to be more likely than not
začněte se učit
balance of probabilities
law regarding a legal procedure for the settling of debts of individuals or businesses unable to pay what they owe; all their property is surrendered to a court-appointed official who liquidates the property to pay the claims of creditors
začněte se učit
bankruptcy law
/UK/ lawyer admitted to plead at the bar and in superior courts; a member of one of the Inns of Court
začněte se učit
barrister
group of individuals elected by shareholders to make the major decisions of the company
začněte se učit
board of directors
organisation or entity /active inernationally/
začněte se učit
body /international/
failure to perform a contractual obligation or inference with another party's performance which incurs a right for the other party to claim damages
začněte se učit
breach of contract
party violating the terms of the contract
začněte se učit
breaching party
requirement of presenting enough evidence to support a claim
začněte se učit
burden of proof
unlawful entering of a building with the intent to commit a crime
začněte se učit
burglary
legally recognised organisational structure designed to provide and sell goods and services; basically, three separate categories of entites exist: sole proprietorships, partnerships, limited liability companies /US - corporations/
začněte se učit
business entity
field concerned with the legal relationships between the shipper /or owner/ of goods, the carrier, and the receiver/consignee of goods
začněte se učit
carriage of goods
document issued by a governmental authority granting a company status of a legal entity
začněte se učit
certificate of incorporation
to make a formal accusation of a crime
začněte se učit
charge
international agreement granting certain rights to an international body by the signatory nations of such agreement
začněte se učit
charter /international/
personal property /excluding freeholds/
začněte se učit
chattels
any case concerned with non-criminal matters, rights and remedies
začněte se učit
civil cases
set of laws in written formulation used in civil-law systems developed from Roman law and used in many European countries
začněte se učit
civil code /civil law/
1. legal system developed from Roman codified law, established by a state for its regulation; 2. area of the law concerned with non-criminal matters, rights and remedies
začněte se učit
civil law
injury or damage that is not the result of a crime
začněte se učit
civil wrong
person who brings civil action
začněte se učit
/UK/ - claimant; /US/ - plaintiff
paragraph or section of a contract
začněte se učit
clause
body of law governing the relations between persons engaged in business
začněte se učit
commercial law
dealing and acts or carrying out of commercial functions including procedures of creation, transformation, agreements and exchanges, in conducting and negotiationg business and econominc activities
začněte se učit
commercial transactions
body of law formed through judicial/court decisions, as opposed to law formed through statutes or written legislation /also case law, judge-made law/
začněte se učit
common law
alternative to prison, a criminal entence that requires the offender to do unpaid work in the community
začněte se učit
community service order
/UK/ institution created to conduct business, usually an association of persons /US - corporation/; it exists as a separate legal entity from the owners /who are called shareholders/; in common usage, it is sometimes used just to refer to a business
začněte se učit
company
process of registering a company; companies can be created by individuals, agents, attorneys or accountants; the majority of companies formed in the UK and the USA today are formed electronically
začněte se učit
company formation
body of law related to forming, registering, governing and dissolving companies
začněte se učit
company law
study of the differences, similiarities and interrelationships between different legal systems
začněte se učit
comparative law
payment for performance of work or for loss sustained
začněte se učit
compensation
as a result of a lawsuit, the award of an amount of money to the injured party in an amount equivalent to the financial value of his injury
začněte se učit
compensatory damages
body of law that regulates business activities and markets, especially agreements and practices that limit competition
začněte se učit
/UK - competition law/ /US - antitrust law/
something of vaule given by one party to another in order to induce the other to contract; in common law, consideration is a necessary element for an enforceable contract
začněte se učit
consideration
documents which define the existence of a legal entity and regulate the structure and control of the entity and its members; the exact form of the constitutional documents depends upon the type of entity
začněte se učit
constitutional documents
body of law which includes legislation based on the constitution, that is the fundamental law of a nation, as well as judicial decisions which interpret and apply the constitution
začněte se učit
constitutional law
struggle of effort, causing, involving, or characterised by argument or controversy peraining to causes between opposing parties; it commonly involves the consequences of breach of contract and also maybe be known as litigation
začněte se učit
contentious work
written agreement between states of nations governed by international laws, e.g. the Bern Convention with respect to the protection of copyrights
začněte se učit
convention /international/
transfer of property rights in land from one person to another; instrument used to transfer title to property
začněte se učit
conveyance
finding of guilt in a criminal case
začněte se učit
conviction
punishment inflicted on the body, such as whipping
začněte se učit
corporal punishment
lawyer representing a party in a legal matter, any person conducting a matter in court
začněte se učit
counsel
new offer with new terms made as a reply to an offer received
začněte se učit
counter-offer
place where cases are heard and justice administered; the judges and all other officers and jury are also referred to as the court
začněte se učit
court
person or company who is owed a financial obligation
začněte se učit
creditor
a violation of public law which is subject to punishment such as imprisonment or fine
začněte se učit
crime
area of law that deals with crime, punishment or penalties /also penal law/
začněte se učit
criminal law
long-established practice recognised as having the force of law
začněte se učit
custom
international law that has not been made manifest or ratified, but is based primarily on natural law and is recognised by the International Court of Justice and the member nations of UN
začněte se učit
customary international law
group of nations or tariff areas created to remove customs barriers between them and to agree to a common tariff policy in realtion to non-member nations
začněte se učit
customs union
money awarded by a court in compensation for loss or injury
začněte se učit
damages
law in regards to financial obligations and legal interactions where one party is unable to pay a monetary debt to another; it may include insolvency, bankruptcy, foreclosures and repossessions
začněte se učit
debtor and creditor law
a written instrument transferring ownership in property
začněte se učit
deed
person against whom an action is brought in court
začněte se učit
defendant /also respondent/
period before trial when formal procedures are used to obtain relevant information from the other party/parties
začněte se učit
discovery phase
disposing of, parting with or otherwise giving up of property; transferring care or possession
začněte se učit
disposition
conflict or disagreement
začněte se učit
dispute
settling of a dispute
začněte se učit
dispute resolution
persons including companies or agencies involved in disagreement
začněte se učit
disputing parties
body of law governing the relationship between employers and employees, including the right to organise in unions
začněte se učit
employment law
to make effective; in the case of an agreement, it is where one party legally compels performance by the other party
začněte se učit
enforce
legally compelling performance by the other party
začněte se učit
enforcement
carrying out of judicial mandates, usually orders
začněte se učit
enforcement of judgements
legal principles applied to achieve fairness where the strict rules of law would be too harsh
začněte se učit
equity and trusts
provisions required for a contract to exist
začněte se učit
essential terms
estate granted only for the life of someone other than the grantee
začněte se učit
estate pur autre vie
sole use and benefit of a property
začněte se učit
exclusive possession
death penalty, capital punishment
začněte se učit
execution
body of law related to family relationships especially divorce
začněte se učit
family law
whole interest in a piece of real property; the broadest interest in property allowed by common law
začněte se učit
fee simple
estate which lasts as long as the original grantee or any of his descendants live
začněte se učit
fee tail
grave crime punishable by a harsher sentence than misdemeanour, which is a less serious crime
začněte se učit
felony
to deliver a document to the custody or records of a court or proper authorities for the purpose of being kept as a matter of record and reference
začněte se učit
file
act of bringing a contract into existence
začněte se učit
formation
international agreement that provides astandards and guidelines for signatory nations to implement on a national level, e.g. the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
začněte se učit
framework convention
the act of misleading someone so as to entice them to enter into an agreement
začněte se učit
fraudulent misrepresentation /fraud in the inducement/
property whose duration of ownership or occupation is not determined
začněte se učit
freehold estate
a dispute in court that has little chance of success as it lacks merit in law and/or fact
začněte se učit
frivolous litigation
a financial loss which can be reasonably expected to occur in the future
začněte se učit
future expected losses
the process of moving towards a more interconnected world
začněte se učit
globalisation
department, authority, administration of government created by legislation
začněte se učit
government agency
party who receives title to real property /e.g. the buyer/
začněte se učit
grantee
party who transfers /grants/ title to real property /e.g. the seller/
začněte se učit
grantor
amount of proof needed to convict a defendant of a crime
začněte se učit
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt
process of nations adopting laws which are similar to or the same as other nations
začněte se učit
harmonisation /unification/
formal proceeding before any body having decision-making powers or authority
začněte se učit
hearing
person who inherits or is entitled to inherit property on the death of another
začněte se učit
heir
body of law relating to the rights of tenants and homeowners, and the financing of housing
začněte se učit
housing law
third party appointed to decide a dispute
začněte se učit
impartial referee
being confined in jail or prison
začněte se učit
imprisonment /also incarceration/
property which can be transferred upon death to a person designated as heir
začněte se učit
inheritable
official order from a court for a person to do or stop doing something
začněte se učit
injunction
person whose legally protected interests have been harmed
začněte se učit
injured party
use of confidential, price-sensitive information when trading in stocks and other securities
začněte se učit
insider dealing /US - insider trading/
written formal legal document
začněte se učit
instrument
law of property that protects legal rights associated with products of the mind, creativity or thought like copyrights, patents and trademarks
začněte se učit
intellectual property law
non-criminal, non-contractual injury in which the person who caused it intended to cause injury
začněte se učit
intentional tort
tort of intentionally causing a breach of a valid contract
začněte se učit
interference in contractual relations
international institutions established by governments as opposed to organisations established privately and acting internationally
začněte se učit
intergovernmental organisations
arbitration of disputes between parties to international commercial contracts
začněte se učit
international arbitration
public official who hears and decides cases in court
začněte se učit
judge
territory or district in which a court has authority to hear cases
začněte se učit
jurisdiction
science or philosophy of law, study of legal systems and a collective term used for the body of case law
začněte se učit
jurisprudence
group of people selected to come to a verdict on questions of fact based on evidence presented in court
začněte se učit
jury
body of law relating to the ownership of real estate, that is land and the buildings on it
začněte se učit
land law
includes both contract and property law, and governs the commercial and residential property rights and obligations of an owner and renter of a real property interestfor a given period of time, usually determined by lease
začněte se učit
landlord and tenant law
person who owns property and either rents it or leases it to another for money
začněte se učit
landlord or landlady
facility offering free or discounted legal assistance, often run by law students under supervision of lawyers
začněte se učit
law clinic
company formed by lawyers to engage in the practice of law
začněte se učit
law firm /also law practice/
action or proceeding brought in court
začněte se učit
lawsuit /also suit/
contract for which the use and occupation of a property is conveyed to another, usually in exchange for a sum of money /rent/
začněte se učit
lease
property whose duration of ownership or occupation is fixed or capable of being fixed
začněte se učit
leasehold
advice and representation in legal matters
začněte se učit
legal assistance
broad system of rules on which to make decisions
začněte se učit
legal framework
artificial entity created by law and given legal rights and duties, for example a corporation
začněte se učit
legal person
selected body of people, usually elected, invested with the responsibility and power to make and repeal laws for a political unit, such as a state or nation
začněte se učit
legislature
legal responsibility
začněte se učit
liability
to be legally responsible
začněte se učit
liable
a right to use property for a purpose without conferring ownership or possession; such right can be taken away at the will of the one granting the right
začněte se učit
licence /US - license/
person to whom the right to use property for a particular purpose is granted
začněte se učit
licensee
estate granted only for the life of the grantee
začněte se učit
life estate
limitation of an owner/investor's financial losses or responsibility, usually limited to the value of person's investment in a company or partnership with limited liability
začněte se učit
limited liability
dispute brought before a court for determination or solution
začněte se učit
litigation
to lose one's ability to make a living
začněte se učit
loss of earnings capacity
method of resolving disputes where the parties are actively involved in the decision-making process
začněte se učit
mediation
legal document that sets out the important elements of the corporation, including its name, address, objects and powers; it is one of the two fundamental documents upon which registration of a company is based
začněte se učit
memorandum of association /US - articles of incorporation/
criminal intent - compare to actus reus, the criminal act)
začněte se učit
mens rea
institution which deals with the supply of credit information about business organisations to other businesses and financial institutions
začněte se učit
mercantile agency
petty offence, a crime less serious than a felony
začněte se učit
misdemeanour /US - misdemeanor/
statement that is false, misleading or contains a mistake
začněte se učit
misstatement
privilege granted by the government /e.g. patent/ to a person or entity to exclude all others from using, producing or selling a certain invention
začněte se učit
monopoly right
transfer of legal title of a property, often land, to another as security for payment of a debt
začněte se učit
mortgage/s/
independent state in which the majority of the citizens share the same cultural heritage and, particulary, the same language
začněte se učit
nation state
failure to be as careful as the law demands
začněte se učit
negligence
unintended injury caused by lack of care or failure to act, in contrast to an intentional tort
začněte se učit
negligent tort
written and signed documents which represent an intangible right of payment for a specified sum of money on demand or at a defined time; some examples are bills of exchange, promissory notes, bank cheques or certificates of deposit
začněte se učit
negotiable instruments /US - commercial paper/
process in which parties who are considering forming a contract discuss and settle on the terms and conditions of the contract
začněte se učit
negotiation
party to a contract who has suffered a breach by the breaching party
začněte se učit
non-breaching party
work that largely involves advising clients and is not between contending parties, such as the drafting of contracts
začněte se učit
non-contentious work
commonly accepted standard of behaviour or manner of doing things
začněte se učit
norm
court's finding acquittal, finding that the defendant is legally blameless
začněte se učit
not guilty
duties that a party has as a result of the terms and conditions of the contract
začněte se učit
obligations
crime
začněte se učit
offence /US - offense/
person who commits a crime
začněte se učit
offender
unwritten, binding agreement
začněte se učit
oral contract
direction or command by an authorised person or body
začněte se učit
order
like framework convention, but used generally in the EU context
začněte se učit
outline convention
physical, mental and emotional distress or trauma for which compensation is given in a tort case
začněte se učit
pain and suffering
early release from prison after serving part of the sentence, usually under supervision and upon certain conditions
začněte se učit
parole
business organisation in which two or more people agree to do business together, sharing the profits and losses of the business together
začněte se učit
partnership
person taking part in a business or transaction, person involved in a suit or dispute resolution proceedings
začněte se učit
party
grant from the government giving exclusive rights to an inventor to make, use or sell an invention for a specified period of time
začněte se učit
patent
things that are movable /as opposed to real property/ and capable of being owned
začněte se učit
personal property /also chattels in common law/
sometimes called an artificial person or legal entity/person; it is legal fiction of identity in law which allows natural persons to act as if they were a single composite individual for certain purposes such as creating a business entity or structure
začněte se učit
personality
stealing something of low value /in some jurisdictions less than $400/, in contrast to grand theft where the value of the stolen goods is greater
začněte se učit
petty theft
formal written statements setting out the cause of action or defence in case
začněte se učit
pleadings
standard of proof in civil cases requiring that one side's case must be more probable than not
začněte se učit
preponderance of the evidence
work carried out before the matter proceeds to trial before a court
začněte se učit
pre-trial works
body of law dealing with disputes between private persons living in different jurisdictions and governing such things as applicable law, jurisdictions and enforcement of judgements
začněte se učit
private international law /also conflict of laws/
body of law that is concerned with the aspects of relationships between individuals that are of no direct concern to the state and in which the government is not directly concerned; it includes the law of property and of trusts, family law, etc.
začněte se učit
private law
sentence which allows the convicted offender to be released into the community under supervision instead of going to prison
začněte se učit
probation
formal process including the steps taken in action or dispute
začněte se učit
proceedings
share, claim, title or right in property
začněte se učit
property interest
to prohibit
začněte se učit
proscribe
bringing a criminal case before a court
začněte se učit
prosecution
lawyer who brings criminal cases on behalf of the state
začněte se učit
prosecutor
performing a sexual act in exchange for money
začněte se učit
prostitution
body of laws governing relationships between states or nations
začněte se učit
public international law
body of law that deals with the relationship between the state and individuals; examples may include constitutional law, criminal law, tax law and administrative law
začněte se učit
public law
behaviour that is criminalised because it is not compatible with society's shared values; there is usually no direct victim but the community, as a whole, suffers; e.g. drug crimes, public drunkenness and gambling
začněte se učit
public-order crime
business structure which is permitted to offer its shares for sale to the general public and traded on a public stock exchange
začněte se učit
publicly listed company
compensation designed to punish the breaching party for conduct found to be reprehensible; e.g. fraud
začněte se učit
punitive damages /also exemplary damages/
unlawful sexual intercourse commited by force or threat or otherwise without consent
začněte se učit
rape
to adopt, approve and sanction; to make valid; to establish; to settle to affirm by express or implied consent to something done by an agent or servant; as, to ratify an agreement, treaty or contract; to ratify a nomination
začněte se učit
ratify
land and anything attached to it
začněte se učit
real estate
land, including anything attached to it
začněte se učit
real property
law associated with the obligations, use and rights of ownership of land or whatever is growing on it or built on it
začněte se učit
real property law
cost of medical care for injuries caused by a tort for which compensation is given in a tort case
začněte se učit
reasonable medical expenses
act of regulating by a rule of conduct or order usually issued by a government agency or established authority having the force of law
začněte se učit
regulation
official responsible for the control and supervision of a particular activity or area of public interest, who ensures compliance with laws and established rules and regulations
začněte se učit
regulator
actions by a party showing that he or she expected another party to act in a certain way
začněte se učit
reliance
granting of a remedy by a court /e.g. damages, injunciton, return of property etc./
začněte se učit
relief
systems of legal rules based on realigious teachings
začněte se učit
religious /or theological/ legal systems
to enforce a right, cure a wrong or compensate an injury
začněte se učit
remedy
payment made to a landlord or landlady for the use of property
začněte se učit
rent
right to specific use of property that is less than a full right of ownership
začněte se učit
right of use
interests that are recognised and protected by law
začněte se učit
rights
loans or credit transactions in which the lender acquires a security interest in certain property owned by the borrower and has the right to repossess the property if the borrower cannot pay
začněte se učit
secured transactions
investment instruments like stocks or bonds
začněte se učit
securities
to impose a certain punishment
začněte se učit
sentence /to/
1. agreement reached between the parties to a dispute resolving the dispute; 2. the amount granted or paid under such an agreement
začněte se učit
settlement
owners of a share of a company/corporation through a proportionate ownership interest of stock or equity
začněte se učit
shareholders
those who invest money in a business entity and receive shares in return representing a proportional ownership
začněte se učit
shareholding members
used to refer to the system of legal rules used in socialist countries
začněte se učit
socialist law /also Soviet law/
lawyer who practises on his/her own
začněte se učit
sole practicioner
single person who earns all the profits and is personally liable for all the debts or losses of the business structure
začněte se učit
sole proprietor
/UK/ lawyer who is qulified to give legal advice and prepare legal documents
začněte se učit
solicitor
when a court orders the breaching party to perform its part of a contract
začněte se učit
specific performance
amount of evidence needed in a certain type of case, for example in criminal case it is proof beyond a reasonable doubt, in civil cases it is a preponderance of the evidence
začněte se učit
standard of proof
piece of legislation which declares that certain kinds of contract, for example those regarding land, pending marriage and the sale of goods worth over a certain amount of money, will be invalid unless put into writing and signed by both parties;
začněte se učit
Statute of Frauds (enacted in England in 1677, serves as a basis for the US statutes)
standardised documents of basic corporate constitution requirements, which a company may adopt in the creation of a company
začněte se učit
statutory forms /statute/
crime that does not require intent to break the law; among these crimes are parking violations and acts that endanger public welfare, like dumping of toxic wastes
začněte se učit
strict liability crime
where liability is imposed for damages caused regardless of fault or intent; that means the victim does not need to prove negligence; it is common in cases regarding defectively manufactured products
začněte se učit
strict liability tort
body of law defining rights, duties and obligations and all matters that are not procedural
začněte se učit
substantive law
to start civil proceedings in a court
začněte se učit
sue /for/
international law dealing with the constraint on the rights of states or nations in relation to each other
začněte se učit
supranational law
law regulating rates or sums of money which may be assessed on personal and business income, real property vaules, and commercial transactions paid for the financial support of a government
začněte se učit
tax law
person who has a right to hold or possess property usually in return for the payment of rent
začněte se učit
tenant
person who is not party to an agreement or an action but who may have an interest in it
začněte se učit
third party /third-party beneficiary/
right to control or dispense of property or the right to ownership in property
začněte se učit
title interest
any wrongdoing that results in an injury, other than breach of contract for which the court will give damages
začněte se učit
tort
person who commits a tort
začněte se učit
tortfeasor
wrongful acts in the nature of a tort
začněte se učit
tortious conduct
treaty or enforceable arrangement between two nations or multi-nations committing them to specified terms of commerce, usually involving mutually beneficial concessions including eliminating trade barriers
začněte se učit
trade agreement
unlawful invasion of the person, property or rights of another
začněte se učit
trespass
legal examination in court of a dispute between parties
začněte se učit
trial
acts by businesses against consumers which are misleading or fraudulent
začněte se učit
unfair business practices
law which has become the same or similar in different nations
začněte se učit
uniform law
injured party or the person was the object of a crime or tort
začněte se učit
victim
non-violent offences usually committed by business people or government officials, typically property crimes and economic crimes; also includes bribery, environmental law violations and money laundering, among many others
začněte se učit
white-collar crime /business/corporate crime/

Chcete-li přidat komentář, musíte se přihlásit.