otázka |
odpověď |
someone charged with a crime the defendant in a criminal proceeding začněte se učit
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case brought in court, seeking damages for a tort začněte se učit
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criminal deed or act - compare to mens rea, which means the criminal intent začněte se učit
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to act as a judge in a dispute; to make a formal decision about something začněte se učit
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body of law, such as rules, regulations, orders and decisions, created by and related to administrative agencies začněte se učit
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law regarding the relationship where one person /the agent/ acts and is authorised to act for another /the principal/ začněte se učit
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written agreement between states or nations governed by international laws začněte se učit
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agreement /international/
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form or method or resolving disputes apart from litigation začněte se učit
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alternative dispute resolution /ADR/
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impartial person given power to decide a dispute začněte se učit
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collective body of arbitrators or arbiters začněte se učit
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form of dispute resolution /an alternative to litigation through the court system/ in which disputes are heard and decided by an impartial arbitrator or arbitrators, chosen by the parties to the dispute začněte se učit
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impartial person having power to decide a dispute začněte se učit
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/UK/ document that defines a company's internal organisation /US - bylaws/ začněte se učit
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intentional attempt or threat to injure another person that causes them to reasonably expect to be harmed začněte se učit
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person who receives an assignment začněte se učit
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transfer of one's contractual rights to a third party začněte se učit
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person who transfers his/her rights or duties to another začněte se učit
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začněte se učit
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where proof of liability must be shown to be more likely than not začněte se učit
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law regarding a legal procedure for the settling of debts of individuals or businesses unable to pay what they owe; all their property is surrendered to a court-appointed official who liquidates the property to pay the claims of creditors začněte se učit
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/UK/ lawyer admitted to plead at the bar and in superior courts; a member of one of the Inns of Court začněte se učit
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group of individuals elected by shareholders to make the major decisions of the company začněte se učit
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organisation or entity /active inernationally/ začněte se učit
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failure to perform a contractual obligation or inference with another party's performance which incurs a right for the other party to claim damages začněte se učit
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party violating the terms of the contract začněte se učit
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requirement of presenting enough evidence to support a claim začněte se učit
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unlawful entering of a building with the intent to commit a crime začněte se učit
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legally recognised organisational structure designed to provide and sell goods and services; basically, three separate categories of entites exist: sole proprietorships, partnerships, limited liability companies /US - corporations/ začněte se učit
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field concerned with the legal relationships between the shipper /or owner/ of goods, the carrier, and the receiver/consignee of goods začněte se učit
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document issued by a governmental authority granting a company status of a legal entity začněte se učit
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certificate of incorporation
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to make a formal accusation of a crime začněte se učit
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international agreement granting certain rights to an international body by the signatory nations of such agreement začněte se učit
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personal property /excluding freeholds/ začněte se učit
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any case concerned with non-criminal matters, rights and remedies začněte se učit
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set of laws in written formulation used in civil-law systems developed from Roman law and used in many European countries začněte se učit
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1. legal system developed from Roman codified law, established by a state for its regulation; 2. area of the law concerned with non-criminal matters, rights and remedies začněte se učit
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injury or damage that is not the result of a crime začněte se učit
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person who brings civil action začněte se učit
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/UK/ - claimant; /US/ - plaintiff
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paragraph or section of a contract začněte se učit
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body of law governing the relations between persons engaged in business začněte se učit
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dealing and acts or carrying out of commercial functions including procedures of creation, transformation, agreements and exchanges, in conducting and negotiationg business and econominc activities začněte se učit
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body of law formed through judicial/court decisions, as opposed to law formed through statutes or written legislation /also case law, judge-made law/ začněte se učit
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alternative to prison, a criminal entence that requires the offender to do unpaid work in the community začněte se učit
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/UK/ institution created to conduct business, usually an association of persons /US - corporation/; it exists as a separate legal entity from the owners /who are called shareholders/; in common usage, it is sometimes used just to refer to a business začněte se učit
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process of registering a company; companies can be created by individuals, agents, attorneys or accountants; the majority of companies formed in the UK and the USA today are formed electronically začněte se učit
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body of law related to forming, registering, governing and dissolving companies začněte se učit
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study of the differences, similiarities and interrelationships between different legal systems začněte se učit
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payment for performance of work or for loss sustained začněte se učit
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as a result of a lawsuit, the award of an amount of money to the injured party in an amount equivalent to the financial value of his injury začněte se učit
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body of law that regulates business activities and markets, especially agreements and practices that limit competition začněte se učit
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/UK - competition law/ /US - antitrust law/
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something of vaule given by one party to another in order to induce the other to contract; in common law, consideration is a necessary element for an enforceable contract začněte se učit
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documents which define the existence of a legal entity and regulate the structure and control of the entity and its members; the exact form of the constitutional documents depends upon the type of entity začněte se učit
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body of law which includes legislation based on the constitution, that is the fundamental law of a nation, as well as judicial decisions which interpret and apply the constitution začněte se učit
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struggle of effort, causing, involving, or characterised by argument or controversy peraining to causes between opposing parties; it commonly involves the consequences of breach of contract and also maybe be known as litigation začněte se učit
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written agreement between states of nations governed by international laws, e.g. the Bern Convention with respect to the protection of copyrights začněte se učit
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convention /international/
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transfer of property rights in land from one person to another; instrument used to transfer title to property začněte se učit
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finding of guilt in a criminal case začněte se učit
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punishment inflicted on the body, such as whipping začněte se učit
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lawyer representing a party in a legal matter, any person conducting a matter in court začněte se učit
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new offer with new terms made as a reply to an offer received začněte se učit
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place where cases are heard and justice administered; the judges and all other officers and jury are also referred to as the court začněte se učit
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person or company who is owed a financial obligation začněte se učit
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a violation of public law which is subject to punishment such as imprisonment or fine začněte se učit
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area of law that deals with crime, punishment or penalties /also penal law/ začněte se učit
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long-established practice recognised as having the force of law začněte se učit
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international law that has not been made manifest or ratified, but is based primarily on natural law and is recognised by the International Court of Justice and the member nations of UN začněte se učit
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customary international law
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group of nations or tariff areas created to remove customs barriers between them and to agree to a common tariff policy in realtion to non-member nations začněte se učit
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money awarded by a court in compensation for loss or injury začněte se učit
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law in regards to financial obligations and legal interactions where one party is unable to pay a monetary debt to another; it may include insolvency, bankruptcy, foreclosures and repossessions začněte se učit
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a written instrument transferring ownership in property začněte se učit
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person against whom an action is brought in court začněte se učit
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defendant /also respondent/
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period before trial when formal procedures are used to obtain relevant information from the other party/parties začněte se učit
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disposing of, parting with or otherwise giving up of property; transferring care or possession začněte se učit
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začněte se učit
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začněte se učit
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persons including companies or agencies involved in disagreement začněte se učit
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body of law governing the relationship between employers and employees, including the right to organise in unions začněte se učit
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to make effective; in the case of an agreement, it is where one party legally compels performance by the other party začněte se učit
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legally compelling performance by the other party začněte se učit
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carrying out of judicial mandates, usually orders začněte se učit
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enforcement of judgements
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legal principles applied to achieve fairness where the strict rules of law would be too harsh začněte se učit
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provisions required for a contract to exist začněte se učit
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estate granted only for the life of someone other than the grantee začněte se učit
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sole use and benefit of a property začněte se učit
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death penalty, capital punishment začněte se učit
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body of law related to family relationships especially divorce začněte se učit
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whole interest in a piece of real property; the broadest interest in property allowed by common law začněte se učit
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estate which lasts as long as the original grantee or any of his descendants live začněte se učit
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grave crime punishable by a harsher sentence than misdemeanour, which is a less serious crime začněte se učit
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to deliver a document to the custody or records of a court or proper authorities for the purpose of being kept as a matter of record and reference začněte se učit
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act of bringing a contract into existence začněte se učit
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international agreement that provides astandards and guidelines for signatory nations to implement on a national level, e.g. the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change začněte se učit
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the act of misleading someone so as to entice them to enter into an agreement začněte se učit
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fraudulent misrepresentation /fraud in the inducement/
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property whose duration of ownership or occupation is not determined začněte se učit
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a dispute in court that has little chance of success as it lacks merit in law and/or fact začněte se učit
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a financial loss which can be reasonably expected to occur in the future začněte se učit
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the process of moving towards a more interconnected world začněte se učit
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department, authority, administration of government created by legislation začněte se učit
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party who receives title to real property /e.g. the buyer/ začněte se učit
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party who transfers /grants/ title to real property /e.g. the seller/ začněte se učit
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amount of proof needed to convict a defendant of a crime začněte se učit
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guilty beyond a reasonable doubt
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process of nations adopting laws which are similar to or the same as other nations začněte se učit
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harmonisation /unification/
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formal proceeding before any body having decision-making powers or authority začněte se učit
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person who inherits or is entitled to inherit property on the death of another začněte se učit
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body of law relating to the rights of tenants and homeowners, and the financing of housing začněte se učit
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third party appointed to decide a dispute začněte se učit
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being confined in jail or prison začněte se učit
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imprisonment /also incarceration/
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property which can be transferred upon death to a person designated as heir začněte se učit
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official order from a court for a person to do or stop doing something začněte se učit
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person whose legally protected interests have been harmed začněte se učit
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use of confidential, price-sensitive information when trading in stocks and other securities začněte se učit
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insider dealing /US - insider trading/
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written formal legal document začněte se učit
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law of property that protects legal rights associated with products of the mind, creativity or thought like copyrights, patents and trademarks začněte se učit
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intellectual property law
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non-criminal, non-contractual injury in which the person who caused it intended to cause injury začněte se učit
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tort of intentionally causing a breach of a valid contract začněte se učit
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interference in contractual relations
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international institutions established by governments as opposed to organisations established privately and acting internationally začněte se učit
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intergovernmental organisations
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arbitration of disputes between parties to international commercial contracts začněte se učit
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international arbitration
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public official who hears and decides cases in court začněte se učit
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territory or district in which a court has authority to hear cases začněte se učit
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science or philosophy of law, study of legal systems and a collective term used for the body of case law začněte se učit
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group of people selected to come to a verdict on questions of fact based on evidence presented in court začněte se učit
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body of law relating to the ownership of real estate, that is land and the buildings on it začněte se učit
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includes both contract and property law, and governs the commercial and residential property rights and obligations of an owner and renter of a real property interestfor a given period of time, usually determined by lease začněte se učit
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person who owns property and either rents it or leases it to another for money začněte se učit
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facility offering free or discounted legal assistance, often run by law students under supervision of lawyers začněte se učit
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company formed by lawyers to engage in the practice of law začněte se učit
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law firm /also law practice/
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action or proceeding brought in court začněte se učit
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contract for which the use and occupation of a property is conveyed to another, usually in exchange for a sum of money /rent/ začněte se učit
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property whose duration of ownership or occupation is fixed or capable of being fixed začněte se učit
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advice and representation in legal matters začněte se učit
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broad system of rules on which to make decisions začněte se učit
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artificial entity created by law and given legal rights and duties, for example a corporation začněte se učit
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selected body of people, usually elected, invested with the responsibility and power to make and repeal laws for a political unit, such as a state or nation začněte se učit
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začněte se učit
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to be legally responsible začněte se učit
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a right to use property for a purpose without conferring ownership or possession; such right can be taken away at the will of the one granting the right začněte se učit
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person to whom the right to use property for a particular purpose is granted začněte se učit
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estate granted only for the life of the grantee začněte se učit
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limitation of an owner/investor's financial losses or responsibility, usually limited to the value of person's investment in a company or partnership with limited liability začněte se učit
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dispute brought before a court for determination or solution začněte se učit
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to lose one's ability to make a living začněte se učit
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loss of earnings capacity
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method of resolving disputes where the parties are actively involved in the decision-making process začněte se učit
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legal document that sets out the important elements of the corporation, including its name, address, objects and powers; it is one of the two fundamental documents upon which registration of a company is based začněte se učit
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memorandum of association /US - articles of incorporation/
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criminal intent - compare to actus reus, the criminal act) začněte se učit
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institution which deals with the supply of credit information about business organisations to other businesses and financial institutions začněte se učit
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petty offence, a crime less serious than a felony začněte se učit
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misdemeanour /US - misdemeanor/
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statement that is false, misleading or contains a mistake začněte se učit
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privilege granted by the government /e.g. patent/ to a person or entity to exclude all others from using, producing or selling a certain invention začněte se učit
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transfer of legal title of a property, often land, to another as security for payment of a debt začněte se učit
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independent state in which the majority of the citizens share the same cultural heritage and, particulary, the same language začněte se učit
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failure to be as careful as the law demands začněte se učit
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unintended injury caused by lack of care or failure to act, in contrast to an intentional tort začněte se učit
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written and signed documents which represent an intangible right of payment for a specified sum of money on demand or at a defined time; some examples are bills of exchange, promissory notes, bank cheques or certificates of deposit začněte se učit
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negotiable instruments /US - commercial paper/
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process in which parties who are considering forming a contract discuss and settle on the terms and conditions of the contract začněte se učit
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party to a contract who has suffered a breach by the breaching party začněte se učit
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work that largely involves advising clients and is not between contending parties, such as the drafting of contracts začněte se učit
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commonly accepted standard of behaviour or manner of doing things začněte se učit
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court's finding acquittal, finding that the defendant is legally blameless začněte se učit
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duties that a party has as a result of the terms and conditions of the contract začněte se učit
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začněte se učit
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person who commits a crime začněte se učit
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unwritten, binding agreement začněte se učit
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direction or command by an authorised person or body začněte se učit
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like framework convention, but used generally in the EU context začněte se učit
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physical, mental and emotional distress or trauma for which compensation is given in a tort case začněte se učit
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early release from prison after serving part of the sentence, usually under supervision and upon certain conditions začněte se učit
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business organisation in which two or more people agree to do business together, sharing the profits and losses of the business together začněte se učit
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person taking part in a business or transaction, person involved in a suit or dispute resolution proceedings začněte se učit
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grant from the government giving exclusive rights to an inventor to make, use or sell an invention for a specified period of time začněte se učit
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things that are movable /as opposed to real property/ and capable of being owned začněte se učit
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personal property /also chattels in common law/
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sometimes called an artificial person or legal entity/person; it is legal fiction of identity in law which allows natural persons to act as if they were a single composite individual for certain purposes such as creating a business entity or structure začněte se učit
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stealing something of low value /in some jurisdictions less than $400/, in contrast to grand theft where the value of the stolen goods is greater začněte se učit
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formal written statements setting out the cause of action or defence in case začněte se učit
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standard of proof in civil cases requiring that one side's case must be more probable than not začněte se učit
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preponderance of the evidence
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work carried out before the matter proceeds to trial before a court začněte se učit
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body of law dealing with disputes between private persons living in different jurisdictions and governing such things as applicable law, jurisdictions and enforcement of judgements začněte se učit
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private international law /also conflict of laws/
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body of law that is concerned with the aspects of relationships between individuals that are of no direct concern to the state and in which the government is not directly concerned; it includes the law of property and of trusts, family law, etc. začněte se učit
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sentence which allows the convicted offender to be released into the community under supervision instead of going to prison začněte se učit
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formal process including the steps taken in action or dispute začněte se učit
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share, claim, title or right in property začněte se učit
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začněte se učit
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bringing a criminal case before a court začněte se učit
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lawyer who brings criminal cases on behalf of the state začněte se učit
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performing a sexual act in exchange for money začněte se učit
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body of laws governing relationships between states or nations začněte se učit
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body of law that deals with the relationship between the state and individuals; examples may include constitutional law, criminal law, tax law and administrative law začněte se učit
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behaviour that is criminalised because it is not compatible with society's shared values; there is usually no direct victim but the community, as a whole, suffers; e.g. drug crimes, public drunkenness and gambling začněte se učit
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business structure which is permitted to offer its shares for sale to the general public and traded on a public stock exchange začněte se učit
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compensation designed to punish the breaching party for conduct found to be reprehensible; e.g. fraud začněte se učit
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punitive damages /also exemplary damages/
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unlawful sexual intercourse commited by force or threat or otherwise without consent začněte se učit
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to adopt, approve and sanction; to make valid; to establish; to settle to affirm by express or implied consent to something done by an agent or servant; as, to ratify an agreement, treaty or contract; to ratify a nomination začněte se učit
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land and anything attached to it začněte se učit
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land, including anything attached to it začněte se učit
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law associated with the obligations, use and rights of ownership of land or whatever is growing on it or built on it začněte se učit
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cost of medical care for injuries caused by a tort for which compensation is given in a tort case začněte se učit
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reasonable medical expenses
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act of regulating by a rule of conduct or order usually issued by a government agency or established authority having the force of law začněte se učit
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official responsible for the control and supervision of a particular activity or area of public interest, who ensures compliance with laws and established rules and regulations začněte se učit
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actions by a party showing that he or she expected another party to act in a certain way začněte se učit
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granting of a remedy by a court /e.g. damages, injunciton, return of property etc./ začněte se učit
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systems of legal rules based on realigious teachings začněte se učit
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religious /or theological/ legal systems
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to enforce a right, cure a wrong or compensate an injury začněte se učit
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payment made to a landlord or landlady for the use of property začněte se učit
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right to specific use of property that is less than a full right of ownership začněte se učit
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interests that are recognised and protected by law začněte se učit
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loans or credit transactions in which the lender acquires a security interest in certain property owned by the borrower and has the right to repossess the property if the borrower cannot pay začněte se učit
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investment instruments like stocks or bonds začněte se učit
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to impose a certain punishment začněte se učit
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1. agreement reached between the parties to a dispute resolving the dispute; 2. the amount granted or paid under such an agreement začněte se učit
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owners of a share of a company/corporation through a proportionate ownership interest of stock or equity začněte se učit
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those who invest money in a business entity and receive shares in return representing a proportional ownership začněte se učit
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used to refer to the system of legal rules used in socialist countries začněte se učit
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socialist law /also Soviet law/
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lawyer who practises on his/her own začněte se učit
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single person who earns all the profits and is personally liable for all the debts or losses of the business structure začněte se učit
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/UK/ lawyer who is qulified to give legal advice and prepare legal documents začněte se učit
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when a court orders the breaching party to perform its part of a contract začněte se učit
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amount of evidence needed in a certain type of case, for example in criminal case it is proof beyond a reasonable doubt, in civil cases it is a preponderance of the evidence začněte se učit
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piece of legislation which declares that certain kinds of contract, for example those regarding land, pending marriage and the sale of goods worth over a certain amount of money, will be invalid unless put into writing and signed by both parties; začněte se učit
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Statute of Frauds (enacted in England in 1677, serves as a basis for the US statutes)
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standardised documents of basic corporate constitution requirements, which a company may adopt in the creation of a company začněte se učit
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statutory forms /statute/
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crime that does not require intent to break the law; among these crimes are parking violations and acts that endanger public welfare, like dumping of toxic wastes začněte se učit
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where liability is imposed for damages caused regardless of fault or intent; that means the victim does not need to prove negligence; it is common in cases regarding defectively manufactured products začněte se učit
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body of law defining rights, duties and obligations and all matters that are not procedural začněte se učit
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to start civil proceedings in a court začněte se učit
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international law dealing with the constraint on the rights of states or nations in relation to each other začněte se učit
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law regulating rates or sums of money which may be assessed on personal and business income, real property vaules, and commercial transactions paid for the financial support of a government začněte se učit
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person who has a right to hold or possess property usually in return for the payment of rent začněte se učit
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person who is not party to an agreement or an action but who may have an interest in it začněte se učit
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third party /third-party beneficiary/
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right to control or dispense of property or the right to ownership in property začněte se učit
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any wrongdoing that results in an injury, other than breach of contract for which the court will give damages začněte se učit
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person who commits a tort začněte se učit
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wrongful acts in the nature of a tort začněte se učit
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treaty or enforceable arrangement between two nations or multi-nations committing them to specified terms of commerce, usually involving mutually beneficial concessions including eliminating trade barriers začněte se učit
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unlawful invasion of the person, property or rights of another začněte se učit
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legal examination in court of a dispute between parties začněte se učit
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acts by businesses against consumers which are misleading or fraudulent začněte se učit
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unfair business practices
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law which has become the same or similar in different nations začněte se učit
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injured party or the person was the object of a crime or tort začněte se učit
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non-violent offences usually committed by business people or government officials, typically property crimes and economic crimes; also includes bribery, environmental law violations and money laundering, among many others začněte se učit
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white-collar crime /business/corporate crime/
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