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Gerund after PREPOSITIONS začněte se učit
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Gerund after CERTAIN VERBS: like, love, hate, enjoy, mind, finish, stop začněte se učit
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Gerund as the SUBJECT of a sentence začněte se učit
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TO+INFINITIVE After ADJECTIVES začněte se učit
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This problem is difficult to solve.
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TO+INFINITIVE After CERTAIN VERBS: would like, want, need, decide, hope, expect, plan, forget, seem, try, promise, offer, refuse, learn, manage. začněte se učit
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TO+INFINITIVE To express PURPOSE/REASON začněte se učit
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I'm chasing this guy to earn my bread and butter.
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Stop! I'm tired of running. začněte se učit
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This is a difficult situation to solve. I enjoy seeing you tired, but I would also like to escape.
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USUALLY: FOR CURRENT HABITS Melissa, a good English teacher, usually makes students repeat sentences correctly. This usually bothers Meritxell, her student, a little. začněte se učit
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Melissa, a good English teacher, usually makes students repeat sentences correctly. This usually bothers Meritxell, her student, a little.
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USED TO: FOR PAST HABITS OR PAST SITUATIONS THAT HAVE CHANGED Meritxell used to take drugs, but now she doesn't even smoke. začněte se učit
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subject + USED TO + infinitive Meritxell used to take drugs, but now she doesn't even smoke.
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BE USED TO: FOR A NEW SITUATION THAT YOU ARE ALREADY ACCUSTOMED TO Melissa is used to craving food all the time since she quit smoking. craving a very strong desire for something: a craving for chocolate začněte se učit
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subject + BE USED TO + gerund or noun Melissa is used to craving food all the time since she quit smoking.
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GET USED TO: FOR SOMETHING THAT IS BECOMING FAMILIAR TO YOU OR TO WHICH YOU ARE ADAPTING. Melissa and Meritxell haven't gotten used to living without addictions. začněte se učit
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subject + GET USED TO + gerund or noun
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Repeat after me: I used to take drugs. začněte se učit
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začněte se učit
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I wish you were here. I wish we were lying in bed together. You can use "were" for I/he/she/it.
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začněte se učit
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to express regret or in reference to unreal situations.
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Wishes for the PRESENT and FUTURE začněte se učit
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Use PAST SIMPLE or PAST CONTINUOUS
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začněte se učit
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to express when you would like a situation to be different.
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He wishes they were lying on the bed. začněte se učit
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to express when you would like to be doing something different. He wishes they were lying on the bed.
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I wish you would stop laughing at me. Now I wish you hadn't come over. začněte se učit
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I wish you would stop laughing at me. Now I wish you hadn't come over.
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He wishes she handn't come over. začněte se učit
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to express regret or when you would like a situation to be different.
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To COMPLAIN or express IMPATIENCE začněte se učit
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Use WOULD+VERB or COULD+VERB
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začněte se učit
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He wishes she would stop laughing.
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začněte se učit
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He wishes he could make her disappear.
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You can use SUBJECT+WISH+PRONOUN in fixed expressions: začněte se učit
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RATHER at The Museum of Modern Art začněte se učit
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I would rather shoot myself than wait in line with all these snobs.
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Look and learn! You have to be an alternative artist. začněte se učit
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Oh Daddy! I would rather just be a waitress.
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začněte se učit
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He is a sex maniac rather than an art enthusiastic začněte se učit
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means "instead of" or "and not". Normally used to compare parallel structures.
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začněte se učit
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means "would prefer to...
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WOULD RATHER ... THAN is used to show preference between options. Elvis would rather be the center of attention than be just like everybody else. začněte se učit
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SUBJECT+WOULD RATHER+INFINITIVE without to+OPTION 1+THAN+OPTION 2 Elvis would rather be the center of attention than be just like everybody else.
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začněte se učit
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WOULD RATHER is used to show preference for one option over another. -Hey, Jeff! Let's get out of here! -I'd rather stay here. začněte se učit
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SUBJECT+WOULD RATHER+INFINITIVE without to+OPTION -Hey, Jeff! Let's get out of here! -I'd rather stay here.
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She is distracted, or rather, she is pretending to be distracted. začněte se učit
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Used to change what it is just said. She is distracted, or rather, she is pretending to be distracted.
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Marilyn had a rather tender look. začněte se učit
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is also an adverb of degree. It means "quite". Marilyn had a rather tender look.
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začněte se učit
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Connectors, also called linking words or linkers, indicate the relationship between ideas.
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The last clue drove Harry to the wood house on top of the montain. Maybe this would be the telltale clue. The weather was very bad and, (?), the car lights začněte se učit
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The last clue drove Harry to the wood house on top of the montain. Maybe this would be the telltale clue. The weather was very bad and, in addition, the car lights
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the car lights didn't work (?) they had been shout out a couple of hours earlier. začněte se učit
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the car lights didn't work because they had been shout out a couple of hours earlier.
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(?) all this, Harry managed to get to the place and get out of the car unnoticed. začněte se učit
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Despite all this, Harry managed to get to the place and get out of the car unnoticed.
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The lights of the house were on (?) Harry carefully crawled through the bushes until he reached the window. začněte se učit
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The lights of the house were on so Harry carefully crawled through the bushes until he reached the window.
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There he saw Elisabeth crying. (?), a shiver came over his body. začněte se učit
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There he saw Elisabeth crying. Suddenly, a shiver came over his body.
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začněte se učit
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Elisabeth was actually laughing (?) looking directly into Harry's eyes začněte se učit
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Elisabeth was actually laughing and looking directly into Harry's eyes
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začněte se učit
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začněte se učit
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začněte se učit
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for example (e.g.), for instance, such as
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začněte se učit
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with regard to, regarding, concerning, by the way
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začněte se učit
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and, also, too, as well as, in addition, apart from, besides, furthermore, moreover, then again
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začněte se učit
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in short, in brief, in summary, to conclude, in conclusion
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začněte se učit
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because, because of, for, since, as, due to, owing to
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začněte se učit
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so, consequently, as a result, therefore, thus, hence
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začněte se učit
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but, however, although, even though, though, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, nonetheless, while, whereas, unlike, on the other hand, anyway
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začněte se učit
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firstly, secondly, thirdly, to begin with, next, lastly, finaly
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začněte se učit
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at the beginning, then, at last, once, afterwards, suddenly, finally, in the end
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začněte se učit
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obviously, particularly, in theory, in fact, especially
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začněte se učit
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surely, indeed, undoubtedly, certainly, even so
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začněte se učit
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A relative clause is a dependent clause that mofifies a word, phrase or idea in the main clause.
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A relative clause begins with a začněte se učit
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RELATIVE PRONOUN WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT or WHITCH The type of clause determines which relative pronoun to use. (in certain situations, WHAT, WHEN and WHERE can function as relative pronouns)
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There are two types of relative clauses: začněte se učit
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NON-DEFINING CLAUSES and DEFINING CLAUSES
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začněte se učit
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The information contained in defining clauses is ESSENTIAL. When deleted, it's nor clear who or what is being talked about. This type of clause is NOT separated by a COMMA.
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In this type of clause the relative pronouns used are: The woman who is pushing a stroller is her heroine začněte se učit
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For people: WHO, THAT (and WHOM followed by a preposition). For things: WHICH, THAT stroller: a chair on wheels in which a small child can be pushed along SYN buggy British English
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začněte se učit
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In non-defining clauses the information is NOT ESSENTIAL. When deleted, it's still clear who or what is being talked about. This type of clause is separated by a COMMA from the main clause.
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In this type of clause the relative pronouns used are: Exercise, which is supposed to be good for your health, is killing her. začněte se učit
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For people: WHO (and WHOM, WHOSE) For things: WHICH (and WHOSE)
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začněte se učit
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There are two voices in English: the active and the passive
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The dog bit Julianne's leg. začněte se učit
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describes what the subject does. The dog bit Julianne's leg.
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Julianne's leg was bitten by some dog. začněte se učit
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describes what is done to the subject. It's usually used when we don't know or are not interested in who performs the action. Julianne's leg was bitten by some dog.
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The passive voice is formed with: začněte se učit
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It can also be formed by: začněte se učit
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All the verb tenses can be expressed in passive voice. začněte se učit
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The concert will be performed next week. The concert has been performed already.
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začněte se učit
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to show the person or thing doing the action. The painting was made by a monkey.
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I would like him to be eaten too. začněte se učit
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The pigeons are eating a worm. Worms are eaten every day all over the world.
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začněte se učit
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I need a friend ASAP. She said she needed a friend ASAP. ASAP the abbreviation of as soon as possible
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There are two ways to repeat what another person said: začněte se učit
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DIRECT SPEECH and REPORTED SPEECH
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začněte se učit
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uses exact words in quotation marks. She said "I need a friend".
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začněte se učit
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She said she needed a friend.
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začněte se učit
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the past form of direct speech.
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začněte se učit
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She said she needed a friend.
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začněte se učit
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She said she was feeling alone.
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I've spent all Sundays watching TV. začněte se učit
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She said she had spent all Sunday watching TV.
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začněte se učit
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She said she would go to bed early.
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When direct speech uses a past form, začněte se učit
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reported speech doesn't change.
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začněte se učit
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I was looking for a better life. začněte se učit
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She said she was looking for a better life.
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