reading & writing: fill in the blanks 550 - 750

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biomass
Wood is a common form of biomass.
or recently living organisms
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organic matter derived from living
disdain
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a feeling of contempt or scorn for somebody or something regarded as unworthy or inferior
She looked at him with disdain.
apes
bonobo
including the gorilla
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a large primate that lacks a tail
and orangutans
chimpanzees
constitutional
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in accordance with or authorized by the constitution of a state or society
The law was deemed constitutional.
alpine
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relating to or found in high mountains
Alpine flowers bloom in the summer.
gloppy
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thick and sticky
The gloppy mud stuck to his boots.
womb
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the uterus of a woman or other female mammal during pregnancy
The baby developed in the womb.
remedy
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a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury
There is no known remedy for the common cold.
utility
profitable
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the state of being useful
The utility of the tool was evident.
or beneficial
tenet
One tenet of their belief is nonviolence.
especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy
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a principle or belief
crew
The aircraft crew prepared for takeoff.
especially on a ship or aircraft
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a group of people who work together
aesthetic
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concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty
The building has an aesthetic appeal.
deficit
especially a sum of money
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the amount by which something
The company had a budget deficit.
is too small
skeptics
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a person who questions or doubts accepted opinions
Skeptics doubted the new theory.
lofted
hit
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to kick
He lofted the ball over the fence.
or throw (a ball) high in the air
alchemists
and the discovery of a means of prolonging life
a medieval chemical science and speculative philosophy aiming to achieve the transmutation of base metals into gold
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a person who practiced alchemy
the discovery of a universal cure for disease
repels
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drive or force back (an attack or attacker)
The spray repels mosquitoes.
cull
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select from a large quantity; obtain from a variety of sources
They culled information from various sources.
eking
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manage to make a living with difficulty
They were eking out a living.
catalyze
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cause or accelerate (a reaction) by acting as a catalyst
The enzyme catalyzes the reaction.
dispatched
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send off to a destination or for a purpose
The police were dispatched to the scene.
naked
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without clothes or covering
The child ran naked through the garden.
cosmic
The cosmic event was spectacular.
especially as a whole
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relating to the universe or cosmos
calves
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the fleshy part of the back of the leg below the knee
He strained his calves during the run.
carbon
which is a nonmetal and which occurs in all organic compounds
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the chemical element of atomic number 6
Carbon is essential for life.
and which has two main forms (diamond and graphite)
fade
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gradually grow faint and disappear
The colors began to fade.
conversely
conversely
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introducing a statement or idea which reverses one previously given or referred to
others prefer dogs.
Some like cats
anthropology
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the study of human societies and cultures and their development
Anthropology explores human origins.
source
person
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a place
The river's source is in the mountains.
or thing from which something comes or can be obtained
impact
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the action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another
The asteroid impact caused a crater.
consumption
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the using up of a resource
Energy consumption has increased.
curb
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restrain or check
They tried to curb spending.
canine
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relating to or resembling a dog or dogs
The canine teeth are sharp.
ecological
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relating to or concerned with the relation of living organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings
Ecological balance is crucial.
quantum
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a discrete quantity of energy proportional in magnitude to the frequency of the radiation it represents
Quantum physics is complex.
affect
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have an effect on; make a difference to
The weather affected the crops.
persist
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continue firmly or obstinately in an opinion or a course of action in spite of difficulty or opposition
The rain persisted all day.
peer
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a person of the same age or having the same social status as oneself
He was pressured by his peers.
derived
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obtain something from (a specified source)
The word is derived from Latin.
comparable
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able to be likened to another; similar
The two cars are comparable in size.
aquatic
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relating to water
Aquatic plants grow in water.
breadth
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the distance or measurement from side to side; width
The breadth of the river was impressive.
degradation
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the condition or process of degrading or being degraded
Environmental degradation is a serious issue.
incidence
crime
rate
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the occurrence
or something else undesirable
or frequency of a disease
hybrid
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something of mixed origin or composition
The car is a hybrid.
obscure
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not discovered or known about; uncertain
The origins of the tradition are obscure.
coincidence
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a remarkable concurrence of events or circumstances without apparent causal connection
It was a strange coincidence.
chemical
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relating to or resulting from chemistry
Chemical reactions produce heat.
decrease
or degree
amount
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make or become smaller or fewer in size
intensity
demise
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death or the end of something
The demise of the company was sudden.
demographic
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relating to the structure of populations
Demographic changes impact society.
beverage
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a drink other than water
They offered a variety of beverages.
concentrate
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focus all one's attention or efforts on a particular object or activity
Concentrate on your studies.
construct
or machine)
typically a building
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build or erect (something
road
boundary
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a line that marks the limits of an area; a dividing line
The river forms the boundary.
curriculum
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the subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college
The school has a broad curriculum.
bolster
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support or strengthen; prop up
They bolstered their defenses.
equip
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supply with the necessary items for a particular purpose
The soldiers were equipped with rifles.
campaign
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an organized course of action to achieve a goal
The election campaign was intense.
levy
fee
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impose (a tax
They levied a tax on imports.
or fine)
expect
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regard (something) as likely to happen
They expect rain.
sight
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the ability to see
Her sight was poor.
collide
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hit with force when moving
The cars collided at the intersection.
consists
assert that something is the case
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be composed or made up of
typically without providing evidence or proof
The team consists of five players. claimed
substitute
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a person or thing taking the place of another
Use a substitute for sugar.
burial
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the act or ceremony of burying a dead person or thing
The burial took place in the cemetery.
equator
The equator is at 0 degrees latitude.
dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0°
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an imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles
whilst
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while
He read whilst she wrote.
conventions
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a way in which something is usually done; a custom
They followed social conventions.
elaborate
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involving many carefully arranged parts or details; detailed and complicated in design and planning
They made elaborate preparations.
govern
organization
actions
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conduct the policy
or people) with authority
and affairs of (a state
literate
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able to read and write
She is literate in several languages.
disarray
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a state of disorganization or untidiness
The room was in disarray.
emulate
They tried to emulate their hero.
typically by imitation
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match or surpass (a person or achievement)
escaped
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break free from confinement or control
The prisoner escaped.
prone
do
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likely to or liable to suffer from
He is prone to accidents.
or experience something unpleasant or regrettable
expert
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a person who has a comprehensive and authoritative knowledge of or skill in a particular area
She is an expert in her field.
counterfeit
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made in exact imitation of something valuable or important with the intention to deceive or defraud
They sold counterfeit money.
dozen
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a group or set of twelve
He bought a dozen eggs.
timber
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wood prepared for use as building material
They used timber to build the house.
erupted
or be violently ejected from a volcano or other vent
ash
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give forth lava
and gases
abandon
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cease to support or look after (someone); desert
They abandoned the project.
fecundity
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the ability to produce an abundance of offspring or new growth; fertility
The soil's fecundity led to a good harvest.
census
They conducted a census of the population.
typically recording various details of individuals
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an official count or survey of a population
translucent
but not detailed images
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allowing light
The glass was translucent.
to pass through; semitransparent
abide
decision
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accept or act in accordance with (a rule
They must abide by the rules.
or recommendation)
schisms
The church suffered from schisms.
caused by differences in opinion or belief
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a split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties
diligence
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careful and persistent work or effort
He showed diligence in his studies.
oases
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a fertile spot in a desert where water is found
They found oases in the desert.
denigrated
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criticize unfairly; disparage
His work was denigrated by critics.
truancy
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the action of staying away from school without good reason; absenteeism
Truancy is a problem in some schools.
entomophagous
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insect-eating
Entomophagous birds eat insects.
complicated
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consisting of many interconnecting parts or elements; intricate
The instructions were complicated.
concept
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an abstract idea; a general notion
They discussed the concept of justice.
deaf
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lacking the power of hearing
She is deaf in one ear.
swung
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move or be moved to and fro
The door swung open.
descendants
plant
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a person
They are descendants of the original settlers.
or animal that is descended from a particular ancestor
across
area
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from one side to the other of (a place
They walked across the bridge.
etc.)
boost
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help or encourage (something) to increase or improve
They tried to boost morale.
botany
genetics
including their physiology
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the scientific study of plants
ecology
structure
transition
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the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another
The transition to adulthood is challenging.
culture
and achievements of a particular nation
arts
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the customs
people
social institutions
exploration
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the action of traveling in or through an unfamiliar area in order to learn about it
They went on an exploration of the jungle.
territory
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an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state
They defended their territory.
entirely
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wholly; completely
The project was entirely successful.
challenge
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a call to someone to engage in a contest or fight
They accepted the challenge.
domestic
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relating to the running of a home or to family relations
They had domestic chores.
accommodate
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provide lodging or sufficient space for
The hotel can accommodate many guests.
diversity
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the state of being diverse; variety
The city has a great diversity of cultures.
confusion
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lack of clarity or order; confusion
There was confusion after the accident.
fear
likely to cause pain
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an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous
They felt fear in the dark.
or a threat
neural
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relating to nerves or the nervous system
They studied neural pathways.
control
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the power to influence or direct people's behavior or the course of events
They had control over the situation.
constantly
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continuously over a period of time; always
They were constantly arguing.
entire
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with no part left out; whole
They ate the entire cake.
advancement
status
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the process of promoting or progressing in rank
They sought advancement in their careers.
or importance
desired
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wished for; wanted
They achieved the desired result.
altered
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changed or modified
The plans were altered.
legumes
pod
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a seed
They ate legumes for protein.
or other edible part of a leguminous plant used as food
linguistic
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relating to language or linguistics
They studied linguistic patterns.
controversial
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giving rise to public disagreement; disputable
The decision was controversial.
deepen
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make or become deep or deeper
They tried to deepen their understanding.
careers
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an occupation undertaken for a significant period of a person's life and with opportunities for progress
They had successful careers.
conquer
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overcome and take control of (a place or people) by use of military force
They conquered the enemy.
nurture
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care for and encourage the growth or development of
They tried to nurture the plants.
buried
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placed or hidden underground
They buried the treasure.
treasure
gems
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precious metals
They found buried treasure.
or other valuable objects
dough
malleable mixture of flour and liquid
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a thick
They kneaded the dough.
used for baking into bread or pastry
least
extent
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smallest in amount
They had the least amount of money.
or significance
taught
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impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something
They taught the children to read.
characteristics
place
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a feature or quality belonging typically to a person
They studied the characteristics of the species.
or thing and serving to identify it
components
They assembled the components.
especially a part of a machine or vehicle
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a part or element of a larger whole
hormone
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a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action
Hormones affect growth.
obvious
self-evident
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easily perceived or understood; clear
It was obvious that they were lying.
or apparent
breed
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mate and then produce offspring
They breed cattle.
substance
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a particular kind of matter with uniform properties
They analyzed the substance.
relieve
distress
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cause (pain
They tried to relieve the pain.
or difficulty) to become less severe or serious
elevator
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a platform or compartment housed in a shaft for raising and lowering people or things to different floors
They took the elevator to the top floor.
worn
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damaged by continued use or too much use
The shoes were worn out.
gaffes
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an unintentional act or remark causing embarrassment to its originator; a blunder
They made many gaffes.
toxic
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poisonous
The substance was toxic.
resist
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withstand the action or effect of
They tried to resist the change.
eligible
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qualified or entitled to be chosen
They were eligible for the award.
sailor
The sailor went to sea.
especially one who is not an officer
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a person who works as a member of the crew of a commercial or naval ship or boat
conclusions
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the end or finish of an event or process
They came to conclusions.
harnessing
They were harnessing solar power.
especially to produce energy
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control and make use of (natural resources)
curve
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a line or outline that gradually deviates from being straight for some or all of its length
The road had a curve.
amnesty
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an official pardon for people who have been convicted of political offenses
They granted amnesty to the prisoners.
charity
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an organization set up to provide help and raise money for those in need
They donated to charity.
couture
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the design and manufacture of fashionable clothes to a client's specific requirements and measurements
They wore high couture.
commodity
They traded commodities.
such as copper or coffee
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a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
communicable
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able to be transmitted from one person or species to another; contagious
The disease is communicable.
refutes
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prove (a statement or theory) to be wrong or false; disprove
The evidence refutes the claim.
commission
command
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an instruction
They received a commission to build the bridge.
or duty given to a person or group of people
briefly
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for a short time; in a few words
He spoke briefly about the issue.
guardian
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a person who protects or defends something
The guardian protected the treasure.
noxious
poisonous
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harmful
The fumes were noxious.
or very unpleasant
continent
Australia
Antarctica
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any of the world's main continuous expanses of land (Africa
Europe
Asia
famine
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extreme scarcity of food
The famine caused widespread suffering.
endurance
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the capacity of something to last or to withstand wear and tear
They tested the endurance of the material.
exponential
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becoming more and more rapid
The population grew at an exponential rate.
hydrogen
the chemical element of atomic number 1
odorless
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a colorless
highly flammable gas
capsaicin
Capsaicin causes the burning sensation in peppers.
which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum
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the active component of chili peppers
duped
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deceive; trick
They were duped into buying fake goods.
caveat
conditions
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a warning or proviso of specific stipulations
They gave a caveat about the risks.
or limitations
voyage
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a long journey involving travel by sea or in space
They embarked on a voyage.
ridge
or watershed
narrow hilltop
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a long
mountain range
indie
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independently produced or distributed
They listened to indie music.
debut
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a person's first appearance or performance in a particular capacity or role
She made her debut on Broadway.
conservative
They held conservative views.
typically in relation to politics or religion
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holding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or innovation
sowed
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plant (seed) by scattering it on or in the earth
They sowed seeds in the garden.
cadet
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a young trainee in the armed services or police
He was a police cadet.
sentiments
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a view or opinion that is held or expressed
They expressed their sentiments.
bowed
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bend one's head or body in respect or submission
They bowed their heads.
concrete
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existing in a material or physical form; not abstract
They used concrete examples.
complex
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consisting of many different and connected parts
The issue was complex.
worth
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the value equivalent to that of someone or something under consideration; the level at which someone or something deserves to be valued or rated
The painting was worth millions.
began
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perform or undergo the first part of (an action or activity)
They began the project.
decades
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a period of ten years
They lived there for decades.
contributing
They were contributing to the cause.
especially money) in order to help achieve or provide something
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give (something
access
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the means or opportunity to approach or enter a place
They had access to the building.
vibrant
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full of energy and enthusiasm
The city was vibrant.
consider
They considered the options.
typically before making a decision
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think carefully about (something)
explicit
They gave explicit instructions.
leaving no room for confusion or doubt
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stated clearly and in detail
strait
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a narrow passage of water connecting two seas or two other large areas of water
They sailed through the strait.
equivalence
worth
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the condition of being equal or equivalent in value
They established the equivalence.
or function
culprit
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a person who is responsible for a crime or other offense
They found the culprit.
civil
They discussed civil rights.
as distinct from military or ecclesiastical matters
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relating to ordinary citizens and their concerns
conditions
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the circumstances affecting the way in which people live or work; a state of affairs that must exist or be brought about before something else is possible or permitted
The working conditions were poor.
contribute
They contribute to charities.
especially money) in order to help achieve or provide something
začněte se učit
give (something
abuse
They abused their power.
especially regularly or repeatedly
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treat with cruelty or violence
convey
impression
začněte se učit
make (an idea
They conveyed their message.
or feeling) known or understandable to someone by spoken or written words or by actions
myriad
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a countless or extremely great number
They faced a myriad of challenges.
harbor
and other artificial structures
especially one protected from rough water by piers
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a place on the coast where vessels may find shelter
jetties
senate
The senate debated the bill.
or of various other national or state legislatures
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the upper house of the United States Congress
aimed
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point or direct (a weapon or something else) at a target
They aimed the camera.
depletion
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reduction in the number or quantity of something
The depletion of resources is a concern.
hierarchy
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a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority
They followed the company's hierarchy.
escape
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break free from confinement or control
They tried to escape.

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