Terminologia Gramatyka Opisowa

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accent
začněte se učit
aspects of pronunciation that identify where a speaker is from, in contrast to dialect
adjective
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one of the four lexical word classes in English, its most common use is modifying nouns: That' s great; a bad attitude, a word such as happy or strange used with a noun to provide more information
adverb
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a word such as slowly or really used with a verb or adjective to provide more information
adverbial particle
začněte se učit
a function word like on or up, that can be used as part of a phrasal and phrasal- prepositional verbs: turn on, put up with.
article
začněte se učit
a word such as a, an or the used with a noun, the function words that signal definite or indefinite meaning: the, a, an.
auxiliary verb
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a verb such as will used with another verb
bidialectal
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being capable of speaking two dialects
bilingual
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a term used to describe a native speaker of two languages or a country with two official languages, in contrast to monolingual
cardinal numeral
začněte se učit
a word that states how many: the ten books.
collective noun
začněte se učit
a noun that refers to a group: army, family, herd.
collocation
začněte se učit
a combination of lexical words which frequently co-occur in texts: little + baby, small + amount, make + (a) + mistake.
common noun
začněte se učit
a noun that refers to a class rather than a specific entity: girl, city, grief.
complex preposition
začněte se učit
a preposition consisting of two or more words: such as, in case of. c
conjunction
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a word such as and or because used to make connections between words, phrases and sentences
countable noun
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a noun that refers to entities that can be counted: a cow, two cows.
definite article
začněte se učit
the determiner the, which signals definite meaning.
demonstrative determiner
začněte se učit
this/these and that/those acting as determiners (these cars / those girls)
demonstrative pronoun
začněte se učit
a demonstrative form (this, that, these, those) functioning as a pronoun: You will need those.
dialect
začněte se učit
aspects of the grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation of a variety of a language, in contrast to accent
etymology
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the study of the origin and history of words
function words
začněte se učit
words that express grammatical relationships and classifications, such as determiners, conjunctions, and prepositions.
idiom
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a fixed expression with a meaning that cannot be determined from the individual parts: kick the bucket.
indefinite article
začněte se učit
the determiner a/an that signals indefinite meaning.
irregular plural
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the plural form of nouns that do not follow the regular rule of just adding -(e)s to form the plural: mouse - mice; child - children.
irregular verb
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a verb which does not use the regular –ed inflection for past tense and/or past participle: speak-spoke- spoken; send-sent-sent.
language acquisition
začněte se učit
the gradual development of ability in a first or second language by using it naturally in communicative situations
lexical verb
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one of the four lexical word classes in English; e.g. come, find, overcome, magnify. Lexical verbs act as main verbs in clauses. They cannot act as auxiliary verbs.
lexical word classes
začněte se učit
the open classes of words, used to convey content meaning: lexical verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs (compare with function words).
modal verb
začněte se učit
a type of auxiliary verb used to express logical or personal meanings: can, should, might.
monolingual
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having, or being able to use, only one language, in contrast to bilingual
neologism
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a new word
non-countable
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type of noun that is not used in English with a/an or the plural (e.g. *a furniture, *two furnitures)- [*means not correct], in contrast to countable
noun
začněte se učit
a word such as boy, bicycle or freedom used to describe a person, thing or idea,
numeral
začněte se učit
a word that either specifies how many (cardinal numeral) or the position in a series (ordinal numeral): the past three years, the third week.
open class
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a term describing lexical words (verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs), signifying that it is not possible to list all the members of the class and that new members are regularly added.
passive voice
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the form of the verb used to say what happens to the subject (e.g. The car was stolen) in contrast to active voice
personal pronoun
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the most common type of pronoun, which has different forms for first person (I, we), second person (you, yours) and third person (it, they).
possesive determiner`
začněte se učit
a determiner in a noun phrase that expresses possession: my car, your bike.
possesive pronoun
začněte se učit
a pronoun that expresses possession: It’s mine, That’s yours.
preposition
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a word that introduces a prepositional phrase: in the car, your recollection about these events.
primary auxiliary
začněte se učit
a primary verb (be, have, or do) when used as an auxiliary verb.
primary verb
začněte se učit
one of the verbs be, have, and do, which can function as either auxiliary verbs or main verbs.
proper noun
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a noun that names an individual, usually a specific person or place: Sue, Chicago.
reciprocal pronoun
začněte se učit
a type of pronoun that expresses a mutual relationship between two or more parties: each other, one another,
reflexive pronoun
začněte se učit
a type of pronoun that ends in –self and refers back to the subject of the clause: myself, herself, oneself.
semi-modal
začněte se učit
a multi-word verb that shares some of the grammatical and semantic properties of modal verbs: have to, be going to.
standard language
začněte se učit
the variety of a language treated as the official language and used in public broadcasting, publishing and education
syllable
začněte se učit
a unit of sound consisting of a vowel and optional consonants before or after the vowel
verb
začněte se učit
a word such as go, drown or know used to describe an action, event or state

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