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-s is [s] after voiceless sounds. začněte se učit
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shops. writes. Mick's. cliffs.
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-s is [z] after voiced sounds. začněte se učit
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-s/-es is [iz] after the sounds [s], [z], [∫], [Ʒ], [ʧ] and [ʤ]. začněte se učit
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prices. loses. watches. Mr Blish's.
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After the sounds [s], [z], [∫], [Ʒ], [ʧ] and [ʤ] the end is -es. začněte se učit
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dish → dishes. box → boxes. watch→ watches.
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if the word ends in e, the ending is -s. začněte se učit
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price → prices. lose → loses. realize → realizes.
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We leave out e before an ending with a vowel, e.g. -ing, -ed, -er, -est. začněte se učit
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write → writing. like→ liked. nice → nicer. fine → finest.
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If the e is part of a vowel sound (e.g. agree), we do not leave it out before -ing. začněte se učit
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We do not leave out e before an ending with a consonant, e.g. -s, -ly. začněte se učit
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make → makes. nice → nicely.
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But we leave out e from true and whole before -ly. začněte se učit
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true → truly. whole → wholly.
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When an adjective ending in - le becomes an adverb, e changes to y. začněte se učit
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possible → possibly. probable → probably.
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-ed is [t] after voiceless sounds. začněte se učit
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stopped. looked. passed. laughed.
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-ed is [d] after voiced sounds. začněte se učit
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showed. played. cleaned. used.
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-ed is [id] after [t] and [d]. začněte se učit
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In short words with one written vowel (a, e, i, o, u) + one written consonant (n, p, g, t, etc.), we double the consonant (nn, pp, gg, tt) before an ending with a vowel, e.g. -ing, -ed, -er, or -est. začněte se učit
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plan → planning. stop → stopped. big → bigger. fat → fattest.
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We do not double the consonant if it is y or w (e.g. play, show) začněte se učit
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play → playing. show → showed. clean→ cleaner. short → shortest.
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In longer words we double the consonant if the last part of the word is stressed (e.g. begin). začněte se učit
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We do not double the consonant if the last part of the word is unstressed (e.g. visit). začněte se učit
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But we double l in British English (e.g. GB travelled, USA traveled. začněte se učit
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In words ending in a consonant (d, l, r, n, p etc.) + y, the y changes to ie before -s and to i before -ed, -er, -est and -ly. začněte se učit
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lady → ladies. fly → flies. carry → carried. funny → funnier. silly → silliest. happy → happily.
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In the possessive form we use an apostrophe + s with a singular noun and an apostrophe with a plural noun. začněte se učit
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the secretary's desk. the secretaries' desks.
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y does not change after a vowel. začněte se učit
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y does not change before -ing. začněte se učit
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ie changes to y before -ing. začněte se učit
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