Politeness 17.01.202

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Politeness and culture
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Communication with others must take culture into consideration. Norms of Politeness vary from culture to culture
Ways to indicate Politeness
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all languages have devices to indicate Politeness and formality
linguistics markers of status, deference, humility, postures, facial expressions, gestures etc
Parameters of Politeness
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Face, status, rank, role, power, age, sex, social distance, intimacy, kinship, group membership
face
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the public self-image that every member wants to claim for him /herself
Negative face- the claim to freedom of action and freedom from imposition. Positive face- the self-image of the conversation partners.
Status
Parameters of politeness
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a collection of rights and duties. hierarchy and position in a system of roles
General rule: the higher the status, the more politeness from the lower status participant
Rank
Parameters of politeness
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a hierarchical organization with reference to a social institution
one's rank often serves as the terms of adress
Role
Parameters of politeness
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refers to less institutionalized position one assumes in some interaction
host/ guest, captain/team, etc
Power
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the ability to impose one's will on others
Sometimes high status and high power don't coincide
Age
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The relatives ages of the speaker and the hearer determine how politeness is expressed
In many countries, a younger person cannot address an older person by his/her name
Sex
Parameters of politeness
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sex or gender diffrences exist in all cultures with respect to polite language
in general women's speech is supposed to be more polite. In many cultures, men's speech is constrained in the presence of women
Social Distance
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Social distance is a factor affecting politeness. Social distance is linked to intimacy.
The more intimate the participants are, the less social distance is between them. The more intimate, the less polite they are to each other.
Intimacy
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Of participants - significant others, Of setting - boss/ employee
Kinship
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The relationship between participants determines what linguistic features are used.
Group Membership
Parameters of politeness
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In some societies, group membership is important in determine what politeness strategies are used.
Japan: certain honorifics used without - group members only; others for in -group

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