Speech acts 29.11.2019

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Speech events may include speech acts
Speech acts
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J. L Austin observed that many utterances do not communicate information, but are equivalent to actions, e.g
I apologize, I promise, I will... (at the wedding), i name this ship
Performatives
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utterances which contain action
I christen/ name this ship The Queen Elizabeth (performative)
Constantives
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utterances which contain information
Maurice Garin won the Tour de France in 1903 (constantive)
Explicit performatives
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are performative utterance that contain a performative verb that makes explicit what kind of act is being performed.
I promised to come to your house talk tomorrow afternoon.
Implicit performatives
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are performatives utterances in which there is no such verb
I WILL come to your house talk tomorrow.
Common explicit performatives
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Apology, promise, agreement, acceptance, advice, suggestion, warning, request
Representatives
Searle's Five Categories of Speech acts
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the speaker is commited in varying degress to the truth of a proposition
Eg. affirm, believe, conclude, report. I think the Berlin wall came down in 1989
Directives
Searle's Five Categories of Speech acts
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the speaker tries to do something
e. g ask, challenge, command, request. Pass me the towel, will you?
Commisives:
Searle's Five Categories of Speech acts
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The speaker is commited in varying degress, to a certain course of action
e. g guarantee, pledge, promise, swear. That's the last time I will waste my money on so-called bargains.
Expressives
Searle's Five Categories of Speech acts
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the speaker expresses an attitude about a state of affairs
e. g apologize, deplore, thank, welcome. Well done elisabeth.
Declarations
Searle's Five Categories of Speech acts
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the speaker alters the status quo by making the utterance
e. g i resign you are offside, 'i name this child', 'you are nicked', 'you are busted, punk'

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